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Worldwide Submarine Losses
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The Russian Submarine Fleet
Worldwide Submarine Losses
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Worldwide Submarine Losses
Submarines lost 1 September 1939 to 25 September 1945
Sunk by enemy Sunk by accident
action, mines etc or error Total
Germany 740 47 787
Japan 117 13b 130
Russia 94 9d 103
Italy 77 8 85
Britain 69 8 77
United States 38 12 50
France 20 3 23
Holland 8 2f 10
Norway 5 nil 5
Greece 4 nil 4
Poland 1 1 2
Sweden (Neutral) nil 3 3
Turkey (Neutral) nil 1 1
1173 107 1280
World submarines losses 1774-1985
Lost by enemy Lost by accident
action etc or error Total
Germany 925 75 1000
Britain 107 55 162
Russia 111 28 139
Japan 117 20 137
Italy 83 15 98
United States 38 37 75
France 29 29 58
Austria 15 2 17
Holland 8 4 12
Norway 5 nil 5
Greece 4 1 5
Spain 2 1 3
Sweden nil 3 3
Poland 1 1 2
Australia 1 1 2
Turkey nil 2 2
Pakistan 1 nil 1
Argentina 1 nil 1
Chile nil 1 1
Denmark nil 1 1
Israel nil 1 1
North Korea nil 1 1
Pre 1900 boats nil 24 24
Totals 1448 302 1750
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International Submariners Meeting
This year the 39th convention is to be held lista cronologica de submarinos perdidos !!! Seran todos ???...
Este es el blog DEMOSTENES,en recuerdo al general griego (no tiene vinculación con ningún web ni blog con similar nombre, ni tampoco con personas homónimas.Tiene fines didácticos, una sintética nota biográfica de Demóstenes y un busto en mármol que se encuentra en el Museo del Louvre. Yo soy el Viejo Cóndor, quien los llevará a través del tiempo y del espacio !!! Hasta pronto .... Disimular una falta con una mentira es reemplazar una mancha por un agujero. ARISTÓTELES .-
jueves, 28 de junio de 2007
flota Royal Navy U,K
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Cite this List of submarines of the Royal Navy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of Royal Navy Submarines)
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Royal Navy submarines, arranged chronologically. (1959 onwards)
• Dreadnought (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
• Porpoise-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Porpoise
o Narwhal
o Finwhale
o Cachalot
o Sealion
o Walrus
o Grampus
o Rorqual
• Oberon-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Oberon
o Onslaught
o Orpheus
o Odin
o Otter
o Olympus
o Oracle
o Ocelot
o Otus
o Oppossum
o Opportune
o Osiris
o Onyx
• Valiant-class(Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Valiant
o Warspite
• Resolution-class (Nuclear power ballistic missle)
o Resolution, commissioned/decommissioned:: 1967/1994
o Repulse, c/d: ??/1996
o Renown, c/d:
o Revenge, c/d:
• Churchill-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Churchill, commissioned/decommissioned:: 1970-1991
o Conqueror, c/d: 1971/1990
o Courageous, c/d: 1971/1992
• Swiftsure-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Swiftsure
o Sovereign
o Superb
o Sceptre
o Spartan
o Splendid
• Trafalgar-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Trafalgar
o Turbulent
o Tireless
o Torbay
o Trenchant
o Talent
o Triumph
• Upholder-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Upholder, commissioned/decommissioned: 1990/1994
o Unseen, c/d: 1991 / 1994
o Ursula, c/d: 1992 / 1994
o Unicorn, c/d: 1993 / 1994
• Vanguard-class (Nuclear power ballistic missle)
o Vanguard, commissioned 1993
o Victorious, commissioned 1995
o Vigilant, commissioned 1996
o Vengeance, commissioned 1999
• Astute-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Astute, planned to be launched 2009
o Ambush, planned to be launched 2010
o Artful, planned to be launched 2012
• See also List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Royal_Navy"
Category: Royal Navy submarines
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Cite this List of submarines of the Royal Navy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of Royal Navy Submarines)
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Royal Navy submarines, arranged chronologically. (1959 onwards)
• Dreadnought (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
• Porpoise-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Porpoise
o Narwhal
o Finwhale
o Cachalot
o Sealion
o Walrus
o Grampus
o Rorqual
• Oberon-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Oberon
o Onslaught
o Orpheus
o Odin
o Otter
o Olympus
o Oracle
o Ocelot
o Otus
o Oppossum
o Opportune
o Osiris
o Onyx
• Valiant-class(Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Valiant
o Warspite
• Resolution-class (Nuclear power ballistic missle)
o Resolution, commissioned/decommissioned:: 1967/1994
o Repulse, c/d: ??/1996
o Renown, c/d:
o Revenge, c/d:
• Churchill-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Churchill, commissioned/decommissioned:: 1970-1991
o Conqueror, c/d: 1971/1990
o Courageous, c/d: 1971/1992
• Swiftsure-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Swiftsure
o Sovereign
o Superb
o Sceptre
o Spartan
o Splendid
• Trafalgar-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Trafalgar
o Turbulent
o Tireless
o Torbay
o Trenchant
o Talent
o Triumph
• Upholder-class (Diesel-electric hunter-killer)
o Upholder, commissioned/decommissioned: 1990/1994
o Unseen, c/d: 1991 / 1994
o Ursula, c/d: 1992 / 1994
o Unicorn, c/d: 1993 / 1994
• Vanguard-class (Nuclear power ballistic missle)
o Vanguard, commissioned 1993
o Victorious, commissioned 1995
o Vigilant, commissioned 1996
o Vengeance, commissioned 1999
• Astute-class (Nuclear power hunter-killer)
o Astute, planned to be launched 2009
o Ambush, planned to be launched 2010
o Artful, planned to be launched 2012
• See also List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Royal_Navy"
Category: Royal Navy submarines
Views
• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History
Personal tools
• Sign in / create account
Navigation
• Main Page
• Community Portal
• Featured articles
• Current events
• Recent changes
• Random articlearticle
• This page was last modified 22:48, 1 October 2006.
• All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers
Flota naval de Israel y esquema de su Marina
Israeli Sea Corps
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main operational areas of the Israeli Sea Corps as seen from Space Shuttle STS-40: Mediterranean Sea (north), Gulf of Aqaba (east), Red Sea (south), and Gulf of Suez (west).
The Israeli Sea Corps (Hebrew: חיל הים הישראלי) is the naval arm of the Israel Defense Forces, operating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea in the west and to the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea, and Gulf of Suez in the south. The Sea Corps current commander is Aluf David Ben Ba'ashat.
Contents[hide]
1 Bases
2 Forces
2.1 The Missile Boats Flotilla
2.1.1 Unit's objectives
2.2 The Submarine Flotilla
2.2.1 Unit's objectives
2.2.2 Naval vessels
2.3 The 13th Flotilla (Naval Commando Unit)
2.4 Intelligence
3 Fleet
3.1 Attack Craft
3.2 Patrol Boats
3.3 Submarines
3.4 Large Missile Boats
3.5 Support Ships
3.6 Other
4 See also
5 External links
//
[edit] Bases
The emblem of the Israeli navy
The naval ensign of Israel
Haifa base - The Missile Boats Flotilla, The Submarine Flotilla, Patrol Boats Unit 914.
The symbol of the Haifa base is two arrows - one signifying the missile-boats flotilla and the other the submarine flotilla
Atlit base - Base of Shayetet 13
Ashdod Mainly a base for Patrol Boats Unit 916.
The symbol of the Ashdod base is two opposing arrows .
Eilat base - Patrol Boats Unit 915.
The Eilat base was founded in 1951 and has been in charge of the Red Sea Naval zone of the Israeli navy since 1981, when the Red Sea Naval command center was withdrawn from Sharm el-Sheikh according to the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.
The symbol of the Eilat base symbolizes the red roofs of the houses of Eilat.
The Naval Training base - Located in Haifa. The submarine operation school, the missile-boat operation school, and the naval command school are located in the Naval Training Base.
Mamtam (Hebrew: ממת"ם) - IT, processes and computing. Mamtam is a small unit that is responsible for all communications and computer infrastructure and the IT systems, both logistic and operational, in the Israeli Navy. The soldiers that serve there are mainly programmers and university graduates in engineering, computer science and more technological degrees.
The symbol of the Haifa base is an owl - symbolizing wisdom and hard learning. .
Naval shipyards
The Navy Headquarters - Tel Aviv
[edit] Forces
[edit] The Missile Boats Flotilla
Missile boats are based in the port of the city of Haifa.
[edit] Unit's objectives
Protecting Israeli commerce at sea against foreign fleets.
Preventing a possible naval blockade of Israeli ports during wartime.
Blockading enemy ports at wartime.
[edit] The Submarine Flotilla
A volunteer elite unit. Founded in 1951.
[edit] Unit's objectives
Israel's underwater attack force.
Attacking enemy craft in their home ports.
Covert information gathering.
Acting as support units for other units.
[edit] Naval vessels
Three advanced 1925-ton diesel-electric Dolphin-class submarines commissioned in 1998 and allegedly capable of carrying nuclear-armed Popeye Turbo cruise missiles.
On Aug 24, 2006, the Israeli Navy ordered two additional nuclear weapon capable submarines (Type 214 - Dolphin Class) from a German manufacturer, giving it an offensive capability to launch cruise and nuclear weapons, as well as a second strike survivability/relaunch capability. The two additional Dolphin Class subs are expected to be delivered to the Israeli Navy in year 2010.
[edit] The 13th Flotilla (Naval Commando Unit)
See main article - Shayetet 13
[edit] Intelligence
The Corps' relies on its Naval Intelligence Department for sea intelligence.
[edit] Fleet
[edit] Attack Craft
Aliya Class (Saar 4.5) (fast attack craft) small, fast-attack missile boats designed and built by ISRAEL SHIPYARDS LTD. (ISL)
INS Aliya (Homecoming)
INS Geoula (Salvation)
Geoula Class large missile boat
INS Geoula 1980
Hetz Class (Saar 4.5 class missile boats) small, fast-attack missile boats designed and built by ISRAEL SHIPYARDS LTD. (ISL)
INS Romah
INS Keshet
INS Hetz
Mivtach (Saar 2) Class (fast attack craft-missile) - German Jaguar Class missile boat
311 Mivtach
312 Miznag
313 Mifgav
321 Eilat
322 Haifa
323 Akko
Reshef (Saar 4 class missile boats) (fast attack craft-missile) - Reshef Class
INS Atzmaut 1979
INS Moledet 1979
INS Komemiyut 1980
Super Dvora Class (fast attack craft-gun)
810-821
[edit] Patrol Boats
Dabur Class (coastal patrol craft) - built by I.A.I - RAMTA (Israel)
Dvora patrol boat - built by Israel Aircraft Industries, extended Dabur
Shaldag Mk II FPB
Super Dvora Mk II FPC - built by IAI-Ramta
Super Dvora Mk III FPIC - built by IAI/Ramta Division
Zivanit class Hydrofoil
Eilat Saar 5 class missile boats
501 INS Eilat 1994
502 INS Lahav 1994
503 INS Hanit 1995
[edit] Submarines
S-Class submarines
INS Tanin (Alligator)
INS Rahav (Pomp)
T-Class submarines
INS Leviathan (Whale)
Gal Class - German 206A type submarine, British built
INS Gal (Wave)
INS Tanin (Alligator)
INS Rahav (Pomp)
Dolphin Class - Type 800 coastal submarines
INS Dolphin 1999
INS Leviathan 1999
INS Tekumah (Rising) 2000
On August 25, 2006, Israel signed a deal with Germany to purchase two nuclear-capable Dolphin class sumbarines, a deal valued at $1.3 billion, with Germany financing one-third of the total cost. [1]
[edit] Large Missile Boats
Lahav class large missile boats ( Saar 5 - israel navy flag ships)
INS Eilat
INS Lahav (Blade)
INS Hanit (Spear)
Hetz class large missile boats
INS Hetz (Arrow) 1991
INS Kidon (Javelin) 1974-1995
INS Nitzahon (Victory) 1975-1998
INS Yafo (Jaffa) 1975-1998
INS Romah (Lance) 1981
INS Keshet (Bow) 1982
Reshef-Saar IB Class large missile boat - German Jaguar Class missile boat
INS Atzmaut (Independence)
INS Moledet (Homeland)
INS Komeniyut (Uprising)
[edit] Support Ships
Qeshet Class training ship
INS Qeshet 1976-1991
Sufa Class tug
INS Sufa
[edit] Other
Barak - Ship Point Defense Missile System - by MBT, ELTA and RAFAEL
Gabriel - Sea to Sea missile by MBT (IAI)
Typhoon - Naval Optronic Stabilized Weapon Platforms by Rafael
NAVAL Artillery Rocket System
Rafael Protector Unmanned Naval Patrol Vehicle
EL/M-2221 STGR - Search, Track & Guidance/Gunnery Radar
EL/M-2228S AMDR - Automatic Missile Detection Radar
EL/M-2228X SGRS - Surveillance & Gunnery Radar System
EL/M-2238 STAR -Surveillance & Threat Alert Radar
EL/M-2226 ACSR - Advanced Coastal Surveillance Radar
[edit] See also
Military equipment of Israel
[edit] External links
Official website (Hebrew)
World Navies Today: Israel
Israel Defense Forces
Arms, Commands, Branches, Corps
Arms: Navy (Sea Arm) Air Force
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main operational areas of the Israeli Sea Corps as seen from Space Shuttle STS-40: Mediterranean Sea (north), Gulf of Aqaba (east), Red Sea (south), and Gulf of Suez (west).
The Israeli Sea Corps (Hebrew: חיל הים הישראלי) is the naval arm of the Israel Defense Forces, operating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea in the west and to the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea, and Gulf of Suez in the south. The Sea Corps current commander is Aluf David Ben Ba'ashat.
Contents[hide]
1 Bases
2 Forces
2.1 The Missile Boats Flotilla
2.1.1 Unit's objectives
2.2 The Submarine Flotilla
2.2.1 Unit's objectives
2.2.2 Naval vessels
2.3 The 13th Flotilla (Naval Commando Unit)
2.4 Intelligence
3 Fleet
3.1 Attack Craft
3.2 Patrol Boats
3.3 Submarines
3.4 Large Missile Boats
3.5 Support Ships
3.6 Other
4 See also
5 External links
//
[edit] Bases
The emblem of the Israeli navy
The naval ensign of Israel
Haifa base - The Missile Boats Flotilla, The Submarine Flotilla, Patrol Boats Unit 914.
The symbol of the Haifa base is two arrows - one signifying the missile-boats flotilla and the other the submarine flotilla
Atlit base - Base of Shayetet 13
Ashdod Mainly a base for Patrol Boats Unit 916.
The symbol of the Ashdod base is two opposing arrows .
Eilat base - Patrol Boats Unit 915.
The Eilat base was founded in 1951 and has been in charge of the Red Sea Naval zone of the Israeli navy since 1981, when the Red Sea Naval command center was withdrawn from Sharm el-Sheikh according to the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.
The symbol of the Eilat base symbolizes the red roofs of the houses of Eilat.
The Naval Training base - Located in Haifa. The submarine operation school, the missile-boat operation school, and the naval command school are located in the Naval Training Base.
Mamtam (Hebrew: ממת"ם) - IT, processes and computing. Mamtam is a small unit that is responsible for all communications and computer infrastructure and the IT systems, both logistic and operational, in the Israeli Navy. The soldiers that serve there are mainly programmers and university graduates in engineering, computer science and more technological degrees.
The symbol of the Haifa base is an owl - symbolizing wisdom and hard learning. .
Naval shipyards
The Navy Headquarters - Tel Aviv
[edit] Forces
[edit] The Missile Boats Flotilla
Missile boats are based in the port of the city of Haifa.
[edit] Unit's objectives
Protecting Israeli commerce at sea against foreign fleets.
Preventing a possible naval blockade of Israeli ports during wartime.
Blockading enemy ports at wartime.
[edit] The Submarine Flotilla
A volunteer elite unit. Founded in 1951.
[edit] Unit's objectives
Israel's underwater attack force.
Attacking enemy craft in their home ports.
Covert information gathering.
Acting as support units for other units.
[edit] Naval vessels
Three advanced 1925-ton diesel-electric Dolphin-class submarines commissioned in 1998 and allegedly capable of carrying nuclear-armed Popeye Turbo cruise missiles.
On Aug 24, 2006, the Israeli Navy ordered two additional nuclear weapon capable submarines (Type 214 - Dolphin Class) from a German manufacturer, giving it an offensive capability to launch cruise and nuclear weapons, as well as a second strike survivability/relaunch capability. The two additional Dolphin Class subs are expected to be delivered to the Israeli Navy in year 2010.
[edit] The 13th Flotilla (Naval Commando Unit)
See main article - Shayetet 13
[edit] Intelligence
The Corps' relies on its Naval Intelligence Department for sea intelligence.
[edit] Fleet
[edit] Attack Craft
Aliya Class (Saar 4.5) (fast attack craft) small, fast-attack missile boats designed and built by ISRAEL SHIPYARDS LTD. (ISL)
INS Aliya (Homecoming)
INS Geoula (Salvation)
Geoula Class large missile boat
INS Geoula 1980
Hetz Class (Saar 4.5 class missile boats) small, fast-attack missile boats designed and built by ISRAEL SHIPYARDS LTD. (ISL)
INS Romah
INS Keshet
INS Hetz
Mivtach (Saar 2) Class (fast attack craft-missile) - German Jaguar Class missile boat
311 Mivtach
312 Miznag
313 Mifgav
321 Eilat
322 Haifa
323 Akko
Reshef (Saar 4 class missile boats) (fast attack craft-missile) - Reshef Class
INS Atzmaut 1979
INS Moledet 1979
INS Komemiyut 1980
Super Dvora Class (fast attack craft-gun)
810-821
[edit] Patrol Boats
Dabur Class (coastal patrol craft) - built by I.A.I - RAMTA (Israel)
Dvora patrol boat - built by Israel Aircraft Industries, extended Dabur
Shaldag Mk II FPB
Super Dvora Mk II FPC - built by IAI-Ramta
Super Dvora Mk III FPIC - built by IAI/Ramta Division
Zivanit class Hydrofoil
Eilat Saar 5 class missile boats
501 INS Eilat 1994
502 INS Lahav 1994
503 INS Hanit 1995
[edit] Submarines
S-Class submarines
INS Tanin (Alligator)
INS Rahav (Pomp)
T-Class submarines
INS Leviathan (Whale)
Gal Class - German 206A type submarine, British built
INS Gal (Wave)
INS Tanin (Alligator)
INS Rahav (Pomp)
Dolphin Class - Type 800 coastal submarines
INS Dolphin 1999
INS Leviathan 1999
INS Tekumah (Rising) 2000
On August 25, 2006, Israel signed a deal with Germany to purchase two nuclear-capable Dolphin class sumbarines, a deal valued at $1.3 billion, with Germany financing one-third of the total cost. [1]
[edit] Large Missile Boats
Lahav class large missile boats ( Saar 5 - israel navy flag ships)
INS Eilat
INS Lahav (Blade)
INS Hanit (Spear)
Hetz class large missile boats
INS Hetz (Arrow) 1991
INS Kidon (Javelin) 1974-1995
INS Nitzahon (Victory) 1975-1998
INS Yafo (Jaffa) 1975-1998
INS Romah (Lance) 1981
INS Keshet (Bow) 1982
Reshef-Saar IB Class large missile boat - German Jaguar Class missile boat
INS Atzmaut (Independence)
INS Moledet (Homeland)
INS Komeniyut (Uprising)
[edit] Support Ships
Qeshet Class training ship
INS Qeshet 1976-1991
Sufa Class tug
INS Sufa
[edit] Other
Barak - Ship Point Defense Missile System - by MBT, ELTA and RAFAEL
Gabriel - Sea to Sea missile by MBT (IAI)
Typhoon - Naval Optronic Stabilized Weapon Platforms by Rafael
NAVAL Artillery Rocket System
Rafael Protector Unmanned Naval Patrol Vehicle
EL/M-2221 STGR - Search, Track & Guidance/Gunnery Radar
EL/M-2228S AMDR - Automatic Missile Detection Radar
EL/M-2228X SGRS - Surveillance & Gunnery Radar System
EL/M-2238 STAR -Surveillance & Threat Alert Radar
EL/M-2226 ACSR - Advanced Coastal Surveillance Radar
[edit] See also
Military equipment of Israel
[edit] External links
Official website (Hebrew)
World Navies Today: Israel
Israel Defense Forces
Arms, Commands, Branches, Corps
Arms: Navy (Sea Arm) Air Force
israel ha comprado en Alemania submarinos diesel electricos
Alemania fabrico 3 submarinos especiales diseñados para Israel, son de la clase Dolphin, diesel-electricos, muy silenciosos y con capacidad de portar y disparar misiles nucleares, esto ultimos trabajos se realizaron en territorio israeli y luego los misiles fueron probados por los submarinos en el Océano Indico.
July 1, 1998 The Washington Times
Israel buying 3 submarines to carry nuclear missiles
By Martin SieffTHE WASHINGTON TIMES
Israel is buying three large submarines from Germany capable of carrying nuclear-armed cruise missiles, with the reported goal of deterring any enemy from trying to take out its nuclear weapons with a surprise attack. The first of the submarines is undergoing tests in the North Sea as Israel completes a major review of its strategic defense doctrine, which some generals believe is dangerously outdated. Without the submarines, Israeli political and intelligence sources say, the armed forces fear their nuclear arsenal is vulnerable to a pre-emptive strike by Iran or any other Middle East nation that may acquire nuclear weapons. These sources note that Israeli intelligence estimates Iran will develop its own nuclear weapons and missiles with the range to reach Israel within five to seven years. Israeli leaders and intelligence analysts believe it is highly likely that Iran already has four nuclear warheads that were stolen or secretly bought from a former Soviet republic in 1992, an Israeli government source said. Mounting nuclear cruise missiles on submarines at sea would give Israel a credible capability to retaliate against a pre-emptive nuclear attack, the sources said. The respected Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz reported June 8 that Israeli military planners want to mount nuclear-armed cruise missiles on the new submarines. The three Dolphin-class subs are among the most technically advanced of their kind in the world. They weigh 1,700 tons when immersed and are twice as big as the 20-year-old Gal class submarines the Israeli navy previously has relied upon. The first sub is undergoing operational trials in the North Sea between Germany and Britain and is expected to be operational by early next year, Ha'aretz said. A Pentagon official said the United States expects all three submarines to be delivered before the end of this year. Israel ordered the three submarines from Germany when it could not find a U.S. shipyard to produce the diesel and electric-powered boats it wanted, Ha'aretz said. Following a disclosure that German companies supplied materials for Iraq's chemical and other nonconventional weapons programs, the Bonn government announced it would fund the construction of two of the three submarines, Ha'aretz said. The paper said the Israeli government decided to pay for the third submarine itself. Experts say the deterrence problem has become urgent for Israeli military planners, who have produced hundreds of nuclear weapons but have made no serious effort to protect their few launch bases against a pre-emptive nuclear attack. Libya's Col. Moammar Gadhafi repeatedly has expressed his dream of wiping out the Jewish state in a nuclear strike. On one occasion, he expressed the ambition of annihilating New York City. Gen. Matan Vilnai, Israel's retiring deputy chief of staff, warned in recent days that Israel's survival was threatened by failure to update its defense doctrine, according to the London Daily Telegraph. The newspaper said some 90 defense experts, intelligence officials, economists, scientists and academics have been participating since January in a secret review of the doctrine. Israel first ordered the Dolphin submarines in 1989 but canceled the order a year later, saying the subs would be too expensive. The Likud-led government of then-Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir reinstated the order in 1991 after Saddam Hussein's Scud missile attacks on Israel during the Persian Gulf war. Maj. Gen. Avraham Botzer, former commander of the Israeli navy, told Israeli television in December 1990 that his country needed submarines not just to attack enemy warships but also as platforms for weapon systems to deter against an attack by weapons of mass destruction. "The submarines must be [an instrument] of the state of Israel, not just the navy," Gen. Botzer said. "Submarines all over the world serve as part of the deterrent system against nonconventional warfare. They are a way of guaranteeing that the enemy will not be tempted to strike pre-emptively with nonconventional weapons and get away scot-free." A recent Pentagon study said Israel has developed an air-launched cruise missile that should be operational by 2002. The missile, called the Popeye Turbo, will have a range of more than 200 miles, the U.S. report said. U.S. military analysts said the Popeye could easily be adapted for launch from a submarine. Anthony Cordesman, co-director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, wrote in a study published June 3 that the Popeye cruise missile was capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Jane's Intelligence Review reported Sept. 1 that photo reconnaissance indicated Israel had stored around 150 nuclear warheads and 50 Jericho II intermediate range missiles to carry them at Zachariah air force base southeast of Tel Aviv. Zachariah means in Hebrew, "God remembers with vengeance." The London-based Jane's also estimated "that the Israeli arsenal may contain as many as 400 nuclear weapons with a total combined yield of 50 megatons." The Jericho is believed to have a 3,000-mile range and carry a payload of just under 1 ton, easily enough to accommodate even a hydrogen bomb. But Jane's said the Israelis had not constructed hardened silos at Zachariah to protect these weapons, and that the buildings and limestone caves in which they were housed were vulnerable to a nuclear blast. "The vulnerability of the missile base appears to show an inertia within the Israeli military, U.S. military analyst Harold Hough wrote in Jane's. "Instead of reviewing its nuclear strategy after the fall of the Soviet Union and focusing on making a nuclear deterrent that could survive an attack by Third World nuclear weapons, Israel continued to focus on producing more nuclear weapons as if envisioning a nuclear exchange with a geographically large country," Mr. Hough wrote.Copyright © 1998 News World Communications, Inc.
July 1, 1998 The Washington Times
Israel buying 3 submarines to carry nuclear missiles
By Martin SieffTHE WASHINGTON TIMES
Israel is buying three large submarines from Germany capable of carrying nuclear-armed cruise missiles, with the reported goal of deterring any enemy from trying to take out its nuclear weapons with a surprise attack. The first of the submarines is undergoing tests in the North Sea as Israel completes a major review of its strategic defense doctrine, which some generals believe is dangerously outdated. Without the submarines, Israeli political and intelligence sources say, the armed forces fear their nuclear arsenal is vulnerable to a pre-emptive strike by Iran or any other Middle East nation that may acquire nuclear weapons. These sources note that Israeli intelligence estimates Iran will develop its own nuclear weapons and missiles with the range to reach Israel within five to seven years. Israeli leaders and intelligence analysts believe it is highly likely that Iran already has four nuclear warheads that were stolen or secretly bought from a former Soviet republic in 1992, an Israeli government source said. Mounting nuclear cruise missiles on submarines at sea would give Israel a credible capability to retaliate against a pre-emptive nuclear attack, the sources said. The respected Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz reported June 8 that Israeli military planners want to mount nuclear-armed cruise missiles on the new submarines. The three Dolphin-class subs are among the most technically advanced of their kind in the world. They weigh 1,700 tons when immersed and are twice as big as the 20-year-old Gal class submarines the Israeli navy previously has relied upon. The first sub is undergoing operational trials in the North Sea between Germany and Britain and is expected to be operational by early next year, Ha'aretz said. A Pentagon official said the United States expects all three submarines to be delivered before the end of this year. Israel ordered the three submarines from Germany when it could not find a U.S. shipyard to produce the diesel and electric-powered boats it wanted, Ha'aretz said. Following a disclosure that German companies supplied materials for Iraq's chemical and other nonconventional weapons programs, the Bonn government announced it would fund the construction of two of the three submarines, Ha'aretz said. The paper said the Israeli government decided to pay for the third submarine itself. Experts say the deterrence problem has become urgent for Israeli military planners, who have produced hundreds of nuclear weapons but have made no serious effort to protect their few launch bases against a pre-emptive nuclear attack. Libya's Col. Moammar Gadhafi repeatedly has expressed his dream of wiping out the Jewish state in a nuclear strike. On one occasion, he expressed the ambition of annihilating New York City. Gen. Matan Vilnai, Israel's retiring deputy chief of staff, warned in recent days that Israel's survival was threatened by failure to update its defense doctrine, according to the London Daily Telegraph. The newspaper said some 90 defense experts, intelligence officials, economists, scientists and academics have been participating since January in a secret review of the doctrine. Israel first ordered the Dolphin submarines in 1989 but canceled the order a year later, saying the subs would be too expensive. The Likud-led government of then-Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir reinstated the order in 1991 after Saddam Hussein's Scud missile attacks on Israel during the Persian Gulf war. Maj. Gen. Avraham Botzer, former commander of the Israeli navy, told Israeli television in December 1990 that his country needed submarines not just to attack enemy warships but also as platforms for weapon systems to deter against an attack by weapons of mass destruction. "The submarines must be [an instrument] of the state of Israel, not just the navy," Gen. Botzer said. "Submarines all over the world serve as part of the deterrent system against nonconventional warfare. They are a way of guaranteeing that the enemy will not be tempted to strike pre-emptively with nonconventional weapons and get away scot-free." A recent Pentagon study said Israel has developed an air-launched cruise missile that should be operational by 2002. The missile, called the Popeye Turbo, will have a range of more than 200 miles, the U.S. report said. U.S. military analysts said the Popeye could easily be adapted for launch from a submarine. Anthony Cordesman, co-director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, wrote in a study published June 3 that the Popeye cruise missile was capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Jane's Intelligence Review reported Sept. 1 that photo reconnaissance indicated Israel had stored around 150 nuclear warheads and 50 Jericho II intermediate range missiles to carry them at Zachariah air force base southeast of Tel Aviv. Zachariah means in Hebrew, "God remembers with vengeance." The London-based Jane's also estimated "that the Israeli arsenal may contain as many as 400 nuclear weapons with a total combined yield of 50 megatons." The Jericho is believed to have a 3,000-mile range and carry a payload of just under 1 ton, easily enough to accommodate even a hydrogen bomb. But Jane's said the Israelis had not constructed hardened silos at Zachariah to protect these weapons, and that the buildings and limestone caves in which they were housed were vulnerable to a nuclear blast. "The vulnerability of the missile base appears to show an inertia within the Israeli military, U.S. military analyst Harold Hough wrote in Jane's. "Instead of reviewing its nuclear strategy after the fall of the Soviet Union and focusing on making a nuclear deterrent that could survive an attack by Third World nuclear weapons, Israel continued to focus on producing more nuclear weapons as if envisioning a nuclear exchange with a geographically large country," Mr. Hough wrote.Copyright © 1998 News World Communications, Inc.
Proyecto 677 Lada class y 1650 Amur class diesel electric torpedo submarine
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
The new, fourth postwar generation Project 677 Lada class diesel-electric submarine is a successor to the Type 877EKM and Type 636 Kilo-class submarines. The Lada type is significantly smaller (1,600 tons D/W) than the previous Kilo type submarines (2,325 tons D/W), and generally configured for anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, minelaying and special forces deployment.
The Project 1650 Amur, intended for export, is part of the same project and differ only in customer requirements and operational conditions. In 1989 the Rubin Marine Design Bureau in St. Petersburg was commissioned by the Russian Navy to design a new fourth-generation diesel-electric submarine. Rubin completed design work on a whole family of the Amur diesel-electric submarines with a displacement of 550 to 1,850 tons. The designers adopted essentially the same design and layout solutions for entire submarines and their separate subsystems, using unified or modified equipment.
The Amur class will also include provisions for a fuel cell plant that can be installed during construction or modernisation to give air independent propulsion with oxygen/hydrogen and electric/ chemical generators. However, the first submarines of the type will not be powered with such a plant. The reason is high cost of air-indipendent power plants, as well as higher level of fire safety required to operate them. The submarines powered with air-indipendent power plants may appear in the market not earlier than by 2003-2004. According to estimates, Kristall-27E AIP system will increase the Amur Class submarines’ submerged endurance by 15 to 45 days (the longer endurance is ensured by a short-term operation of the diesel engine in the snorkeling mode).
The submarines will have high submerged cruising range and endurance, combat efficiency and reliability, and low acoustic signature. The Amur is intended to be the most advanced export design to date, incorporating many of the signature-reduction technologies proven on the Project 636 Kilo, notably anechoic tile coatings and a skewed seven-bladed propeller. Their sonar equipment includes highly sensitive direct-listening transducers at the forward end and a towed transducer array. It will be outfitted with six torpedo tubes, and its 18 weapons will comprise a mix of torpedoes and torpedo-tube launched missiles. Measuring 67 metres in length and 7.2 metres wide, it will include an anechoic tile coating on the outer hull and a skewed 7-blade propeller. The vessel's surface speed will be 10 kt; submerged 21 kt. The submerged cruising range using economic speed is 500 nautical miles at 3 kt. The maximum diving depth is 250 m, with an endurance of 45 days with a crew of 34.
In addition:
§ acoustic field of the submarine has been considerably reduced (in comparison with submarines of previous generations – several times);
§ radio-electronic equipment of a new generation has been installed with a state-of-the-art element base;
§ an integrated system has been installed for automatic control of submarine and its combat and technical facilities;
§ an inertial navigation complex has been installed which provides safety of navigation and determination of motion parameters with specified missile armament accuracy during long underwater operation;
§ a variable-speed propulsion plant of a new design has been fitted;
§ a storage battery with increased service life has been installed.
New types of production and technological processes have been introduced in the course of construction, as follows:
§ a work bay has been equipped for production of non-penetrating retractable devices and hoist masts;
§ a testing bench has been produced for the above retractable devices and hoist masts;
§ a technology of installation of highly sensitive hydrophone antenna of sonar system “LIRA” has been developed and introduced;
§ a technology of application has been introduced for anti-sonar coating of a new generation “Molniya” (“Lightning”);
§ a technology of painting with “VICOR” of improved stability has been introduced.
As of mid-1999 no customer had been found for the Amur 1650-class export submarine laid down at Admiralty Shipyard on 26 December 1997, as India had apparently decided it was not interested in the boat. The similar Lada-class (some sources consider this to be a Project 877 boat) Sankt Petersburg was begun the same day at the same facility for the Russian Navy. As of January 2000 the Sankt Petersburg was said to be about 30% complete and the Amur 1650 about 7% complete. As of early 2001 Russian officials were predicting that the Sankt Petersburg would be launched during 2001.
As of 2002 work on the Sankt Petersburg was suspended.
The main objectives of the Russian Shipbuilding Agency for 2004 in the military sector included the delivery during the year of the Sankt Petersburg class diesel sub for the Russian and foreign customers; project 11356 frigate; mine sweeper; combat and patrol cutters, specialized and auxiliary ships (fire control, divers’, hydrographic, demagnetizing, floating berths).
On 28 October 2004 the Sankt Petersburg, honoring the 300th anniversary of the city, was launched at Admiralteyskiye Verfi. The conventionally powered fourth-generation submarine of the Lada project, designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau, marked the introduction of one of the first submarines specifically built for the Russian Navy since the collapse of the USSR.
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Specifications
Designation
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class [export version]
Designer
Rubin
Builder
Admiralty Shipyard
Displacement:
1,675 tons surfaced2,800 tons surfaced
Speed (kts):
21 knots Full submerged speed
Dimensions (m):
67 meters long7.1 meters beamx? meters draft
Propulsion:
diesel and electric motors
Diving depth:
250 meters maximum submergence depth
Range:
6,000 miles submerged dieseling mode650 miles Submerged at cruising speed
Armament:
Missiles:
· Novator Al'fa or Oniks SSM
· RPK-6/SS-N-16 Vodopod/Stallion ASR
Torpedoes:
6/533 mm VA-111 (w: c/nucl) Total: 18
Sonar:
§ Active & passive bow & flank arrays
§ Towed array
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Class Listing
Unit
Shipyard
Fleet
Chronology
Notes
#
number
Name
Laid Down
Launched
Comm.
Stricken
1
-----
St.Petersburg
SY 194
12/**/1997
28 Oct 2004
?
2002 - suspended2004 - completed
2
-----
SY 194
12/**/1997
----------
2002
for export
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
References
§ UNDERWATER SEA HUNTERS Alexander Mozgovoi Military Parade #26 MARCH APRIL 1998
§ Amur Family Submarines Yuri Kormilitsin Military Parade
§ NICHES FOR RUSSIAN SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY ON THE WORLD MARKET Lev Klyachko, Vladimir Yefremenko Military Parade #29 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 1998
§ UNDERWATER SEA HUNTERS Alexander Mozgovoi Military Parade March/April 1998
§ Underwater Rivalry for the 21st Century Market Military Parade JULY 2000
§ Russian Submarines @ World Navies Today
§ Russian Submarine List @ Steel in the Deep Submarine Site
The new, fourth postwar generation Project 677 Lada class diesel-electric submarine is a successor to the Type 877EKM and Type 636 Kilo-class submarines. The Lada type is significantly smaller (1,600 tons D/W) than the previous Kilo type submarines (2,325 tons D/W), and generally configured for anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, minelaying and special forces deployment.
The Project 1650 Amur, intended for export, is part of the same project and differ only in customer requirements and operational conditions. In 1989 the Rubin Marine Design Bureau in St. Petersburg was commissioned by the Russian Navy to design a new fourth-generation diesel-electric submarine. Rubin completed design work on a whole family of the Amur diesel-electric submarines with a displacement of 550 to 1,850 tons. The designers adopted essentially the same design and layout solutions for entire submarines and their separate subsystems, using unified or modified equipment.
The Amur class will also include provisions for a fuel cell plant that can be installed during construction or modernisation to give air independent propulsion with oxygen/hydrogen and electric/ chemical generators. However, the first submarines of the type will not be powered with such a plant. The reason is high cost of air-indipendent power plants, as well as higher level of fire safety required to operate them. The submarines powered with air-indipendent power plants may appear in the market not earlier than by 2003-2004. According to estimates, Kristall-27E AIP system will increase the Amur Class submarines’ submerged endurance by 15 to 45 days (the longer endurance is ensured by a short-term operation of the diesel engine in the snorkeling mode).
The submarines will have high submerged cruising range and endurance, combat efficiency and reliability, and low acoustic signature. The Amur is intended to be the most advanced export design to date, incorporating many of the signature-reduction technologies proven on the Project 636 Kilo, notably anechoic tile coatings and a skewed seven-bladed propeller. Their sonar equipment includes highly sensitive direct-listening transducers at the forward end and a towed transducer array. It will be outfitted with six torpedo tubes, and its 18 weapons will comprise a mix of torpedoes and torpedo-tube launched missiles. Measuring 67 metres in length and 7.2 metres wide, it will include an anechoic tile coating on the outer hull and a skewed 7-blade propeller. The vessel's surface speed will be 10 kt; submerged 21 kt. The submerged cruising range using economic speed is 500 nautical miles at 3 kt. The maximum diving depth is 250 m, with an endurance of 45 days with a crew of 34.
In addition:
§ acoustic field of the submarine has been considerably reduced (in comparison with submarines of previous generations – several times);
§ radio-electronic equipment of a new generation has been installed with a state-of-the-art element base;
§ an integrated system has been installed for automatic control of submarine and its combat and technical facilities;
§ an inertial navigation complex has been installed which provides safety of navigation and determination of motion parameters with specified missile armament accuracy during long underwater operation;
§ a variable-speed propulsion plant of a new design has been fitted;
§ a storage battery with increased service life has been installed.
New types of production and technological processes have been introduced in the course of construction, as follows:
§ a work bay has been equipped for production of non-penetrating retractable devices and hoist masts;
§ a testing bench has been produced for the above retractable devices and hoist masts;
§ a technology of installation of highly sensitive hydrophone antenna of sonar system “LIRA” has been developed and introduced;
§ a technology of application has been introduced for anti-sonar coating of a new generation “Molniya” (“Lightning”);
§ a technology of painting with “VICOR” of improved stability has been introduced.
As of mid-1999 no customer had been found for the Amur 1650-class export submarine laid down at Admiralty Shipyard on 26 December 1997, as India had apparently decided it was not interested in the boat. The similar Lada-class (some sources consider this to be a Project 877 boat) Sankt Petersburg was begun the same day at the same facility for the Russian Navy. As of January 2000 the Sankt Petersburg was said to be about 30% complete and the Amur 1650 about 7% complete. As of early 2001 Russian officials were predicting that the Sankt Petersburg would be launched during 2001.
As of 2002 work on the Sankt Petersburg was suspended.
The main objectives of the Russian Shipbuilding Agency for 2004 in the military sector included the delivery during the year of the Sankt Petersburg class diesel sub for the Russian and foreign customers; project 11356 frigate; mine sweeper; combat and patrol cutters, specialized and auxiliary ships (fire control, divers’, hydrographic, demagnetizing, floating berths).
On 28 October 2004 the Sankt Petersburg, honoring the 300th anniversary of the city, was launched at Admiralteyskiye Verfi. The conventionally powered fourth-generation submarine of the Lada project, designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau, marked the introduction of one of the first submarines specifically built for the Russian Navy since the collapse of the USSR.
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Specifications
Designation
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class [export version]
Designer
Rubin
Builder
Admiralty Shipyard
Displacement:
1,675 tons surfaced2,800 tons surfaced
Speed (kts):
21 knots Full submerged speed
Dimensions (m):
67 meters long7.1 meters beamx? meters draft
Propulsion:
diesel and electric motors
Diving depth:
250 meters maximum submergence depth
Range:
6,000 miles submerged dieseling mode650 miles Submerged at cruising speed
Armament:
Missiles:
· Novator Al'fa or Oniks SSM
· RPK-6/SS-N-16 Vodopod/Stallion ASR
Torpedoes:
6/533 mm VA-111 (w: c/nucl) Total: 18
Sonar:
§ Active & passive bow & flank arrays
§ Towed array
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Class Listing
Unit
Shipyard
Fleet
Chronology
Notes
#
number
Name
Laid Down
Launched
Comm.
Stricken
1
-----
St.Petersburg
SY 194
12/**/1997
28 Oct 2004
?
2002 - suspended2004 - completed
2
-----
SY 194
12/**/1997
----------
2002
for export
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
Project 677 Lada classProject 1650 Amur class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine
References
§ UNDERWATER SEA HUNTERS Alexander Mozgovoi Military Parade #26 MARCH APRIL 1998
§ Amur Family Submarines Yuri Kormilitsin Military Parade
§ NICHES FOR RUSSIAN SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY ON THE WORLD MARKET Lev Klyachko, Vladimir Yefremenko Military Parade #29 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 1998
§ UNDERWATER SEA HUNTERS Alexander Mozgovoi Military Parade March/April 1998
§ Underwater Rivalry for the 21st Century Market Military Parade JULY 2000
§ Russian Submarines @ World Navies Today
§ Russian Submarine List @ Steel in the Deep Submarine Site
CAPACIDADES FLOTA SUBMARINOS DE RUSIA
Luego de comenzar a ver los ultimos submarinos alemanes, vamos a poder observar las capacidades actuales (informadas) de la flota de submarinos rusos.
Current Capabilities
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the once mighty Soviet submarine fleet entered a period of prolonged crisis, during which it shrunk to one-third its former size. The Russian Navy began to emerge from crisis only a few years ago, and now faces a dual task. On the one hand, it needs to dismantle the submarines it no longer needs or cannot maintain: with 194 boats decommissioned, the task is truly massive. On the other hand, the shrunken force has to be maintained and modernized. Whereas international assistance has contributed to the first task (Western assistance to date accounts for 38 out of the total of 107 dismantled nuclear submarines), the second is the exclusive prerogative of the Russian government, the Ministry of Defense, and the navy. (For more information on foreign assistance for Russian submarine dismantlement and related issues, please see "Russia: Naval Fuel Cycle Foreign Assistance," in the NIS Nuclear and Missile Database.)
The submarine force is intended to support several missions. SSBNs are viewed as an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad and as contributing to nuclear deterrence as relatively invulnerable, primarily second-strike assets. The number of SSBNs is dwindling, however, and, perhaps most important, the navy cannot maintain many SSBNs on combat patrol—according to open sources, no more than one or two SSBNs are on patrol at any given moment, and there have been periods of time when no SSBN was on patrol at all. Although Soviet SSBNs were given the capability to launch missiles from the surface, including when moored to the pier, this is poor consolation because, in port, SSBNs are little but a "soft" (unhardened) and very attractive target that cannot contribute to deterrence.
The "attack" or multipurpose nuclear submarine force traditionally had a primarily anti-ship and anti-submarine mission: they were supposed to hunt and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (the priority target was U.S. aircraft carriers). Consequently, the emphasis was given to anti-ship cruise missiles and torpedoes, the latest models of which are highly sophisticated. The same mission was also supported by diesel submarines in relatively shallow waters close to shore or in narrow straits. More recently, attack submarines have also acquired cruise missiles for use against land targets. With the exception of SLBMs, all weapons on board submarines are non-nuclear in accordance with the 1991 U.S.-Soviet Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs).
Although defense spending has tripled in the last five years, the available funds are still insufficient in the face of the backlog of modernization, training, maintenance, and dismantlement tasks. Like the rest of the armed forces, the navy is haunted by insufficient funding, which limits its ability to conduct regular overhauls of operational submarines and even to maintain them in a combat-ready state. The inability to conduct overhauls, which are required every seven to eight years (and, according to some sources, the low attention of the navy leadership to this problem) is perhaps the gravest problem, because it forces the navy to decommission submarines at a faster rate than would otherwise be necessary. As a result, many of the submarines that are officially classified as operational cannot be deployed. Another navy-specific problem is the burden of past and recent political decisions, which tended to set overambitious goals that cannot be supported by current funding; this problem applies primarily to the SSBN fleet.
Paradoxically, the long period of decline has helped to optimize the submarine fleet and make it more cost-effective. Prospective future programs now emphasize smaller, cheaper, but also more technologically advanced multipurpose vessels.
The strategic submarine fleet—SSBNs carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles—seems to be in the worst shape. Currently, Russia has no more than 20 SSBNs, according to a recent (March 2005) statement of Chief of the Navy Vladimir Kuroyedov, but most experts believe that the number of operational SSBNs does not exceed 12-14 and is likely to contract further. The largest (and the most expensive) SSBNs in the world, Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon), face near extinction—only one, at most two, of these vessels will remain in service. The reasonably modern Project 667BDRM Delfin (Delta IV) that are the mainstay of the SSBN fleet number only seven and their predecessor, Project 667BDR Kalmar (Delta III) number between seven and eight. SSBN modernization remained at a standstill until a few years ago, in contrast to other elements of the submarine fleet.
The sorry state of the SSBN force could be attributed to the failure, in the mid-1990s, of a program to develop the new solid-fuel Bark SLBM, based on the older R-39 (SS-N-20) SLBM that was deployed on Project 941 Akula (Typhoon) submarines. The new missile was supposed to keep the Akulas "afloat" and be deployed subsequently on a new, smaller SSBN, Project 955 Borey, whose first keel was laid in 1996. When the Bark program was terminated in 1997, construction of the first Borey, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, had to be frozen. In 1998, a new SLBM program, "Bulava-30" was launched, and the Borey class had to be redesigned for the new missile; this also doomed Akulas (except for the first submarine in that class, the TK-208, later named Dmitriy Donskoy, which was overhauled to serve as a testing platform for the future SLBM). Flight-tests are scheduled to begin in 2005; Yuriy Dolgorukiy is scheduled to be launched in 2006 as well. Moreover, the keel of the second Project 955 Borey submarine has already been laid and it is supposed to be launched in 2007. It seems that following many years of delays, insufficient funding, and design failures the Navy is rushing to bring the new SSBN into service at the earliest possible date. The production plans for the new class are still uncertain—it is reported to be between three and 10 boats.
By contrast, the shape of the nuclear attack submarine fleet—which will also represent the core of the submarine fleet not only by their numbers, but also in terms of their mission—can be predicted reasonably well. The main task of the existing and future vessels in this category is finding and destroying enemy submarines and surface ships (including aircraft carriers and aircraft carrier groups), as well as land targets.
Their modernization concentrates on designs that date back to the late 1970s and 1980s, which had matured by the last years of the Soviet Union. Production of the large third-generation attack nuclear submarines of Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I) and 945A Kondor (NATO name Sierra II) was discontinued in 1993 (the unfinished fifth submarine of that class, Project 945B Mars was disassembled at the shipyard); officially, four ships in that class remain in service but only two are reported to be seaworthy. The main drawbacks of these submarines from today’s perspective are their high cost (caused, in part, by the titanium hull) and limited mission—they were originally designed for antisubmarine warfare (ASW), although the modification, Project 945A, was also equipped with Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) cruise missiles intended to attack land targets. A number of second-generation Project 671RT Semga and 671RTM-RTMK Shchuka (Victor II and III) boats remain part of the fleet, but will probably be decommissioned in the near future.
The core of the attack nuclear submarine fleet consists of Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name Akula) submarines—a smaller multipurpose development of Project 945 (Nato name Sierra). Project 971 began in the mid-1970s and the first submarine in that class was launched in 1984. A total of 13 these SSNs have been built, the latest, Vepr, was launched in 1996. Project 971 SSNs are widely known as the quietest, fastest, most modern submarines in Russia and are widely reported to be on par with the most advanced U.S. attack submarines. Reportedly, Russia plans to build several more submarines of this class, completing vessels whose construction was frozen in the 1990s due to the lack of funding. Another "core class" of SSNs are Projects 949 Granit and 949A Antey (NATO names Oscar I and II); 13 of these submarines have been built. There are no reports, however, about building new submarines of these classes.
The future of the Russian attack submarine fleet is represented by fourth-generation cruise-missile Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay), the first of which, Severodvinsk, is still under construction (the Severodvinsk was supposed to be completed in 2000, but its launch has been postponed several times due to insufficient funding). Project 885 is supposed to eventually replace Projects 945 and 949, so that only two classes of attack submarines will eventually remain in the navy.
Diesel submarines number about 20 and are represented by reasonably advanced Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class submarines of various modifications, which entered service in late 1980s. A submarine of the latest modification entered service in 2000. Construction of the latest submarine in that class was completed in May 2005, but the vessel was intended for export. In early 2005, the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg launched the St. Petersburg, the first submarine of a new class, Project 677 Lada; an export version of that class, Project 677E (Amur-1650) will also be produced in the near future.
NUCLEAR-POWERED BALLISTIC-MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSBNs)
Project 955 Borey
Displacement, metric tons:
11,750-14,720 surfaced16,750-24,000 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
557.7 x 44.3 x 29.5-32.8(170 x 13.5 x 9-10)
Main machinery:
2 PWR reactors; 2 diesel generators; 3,400 hp (m) (2.5 MW); 1 motor; 5,576 hp(m) (4.1 MW)
Speed, knots:
15 surfaced26-29 submerged
Complement:
107-130 (including 55 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,250-1,475 (380-450)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
12 Bulava (Topol-M-type) SLBMs; Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; four 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes
Comments:
Currently under construction. The first of class, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, was laid down in 1996. It had to be substantially redesigned in 1999 to accommodate the new Bulava SLBM design. There are currently two vessels under construction, Yuriy Dolgorukiy (scheduled to be launched in 2006) and Aleksandr Nevskiy (laid down in March 2004). The Russian Navy is hoping the Bulava will be ready by the end of 2006.
Sources: "Bulava programme skips ground launches," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, http://www.janes.com/, July 1, 2005.Combat Fleets of the World, 2000-2001.Mark Galeotti, "Putin puts confidence in new generation of missiles," Jane's Intelligence Review, http://www.janes.com/, February 1, 2005.Bellona Website, http://www.bellona.org/, August 20, 2004.
Project 667BDRM Delfin (NATO name Delta IV)
Displacement, metric tons:
11,700 surfaced18,200 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
548 x 38.4 x 29 (167 x 11.7 x 8.8 m)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4SG PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
13-14 surfaced22-24 submerged
Complement:
130-135 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,300 (400)
Weapons:
16 R-29RM Shtil (NATO designation SS-N-23 Skiff) SLBMs; four 21" (533 mm) tubes with 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) missiles.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591.
Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon)
Displacement, metric tons:
23,200-28,500 surfaced48,000-49,800 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
57 x 76.4 x 37.7(172.8 x 23.3 x 11.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-5 PWR reactors, 190 MW each; two OK-650 steam turbines, 50,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
12-16 surfaced 25-26 dived
Complement:
50-52 officers and 100-127 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312-1,640(400-500 m)
Endurance:
90-120 days
Weapons:
20 R-39 (NATO designation SS-N-20 Sturgeon) SLBMs; RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from four 21" (533 mm) and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes.
Comments:
The Typhoon submarines do not currently have operational SLBMs. Dmitriy Donskoy, relaunched in June 2002 after refit, will act as a test-bed for a new SLBM type. The Bark SLBM originally intended for the submarine was cancelled, and the Bulava SLBM (related to the Topol M ICBM), which will also arm Borey-class SSBNs, is under development.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).Aleksandr Belkin, "Potemkinskiye eskadry," Grani.ru Web Site, http://www.grani.ru/kursk/articles/donskoi/, 24 July 2002.S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591."Russia Nuclear Sub Launched After 12-Year Overhaul," BBC Monitoring, 26 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.
Project 667BDR Kalmar (NATO name Delta III)
Displacement, metric tons:
8,940-10,600 surfaced10,600-13,700 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
508.5 x 38.4 x 28.5(155 x 11.7 x 8.7)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4S PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14 surfaced24-25 submerged
Complement:
30-40 officers; 50-90 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,050-1,312(320-400)
Endurance:
80-90 days
Weapons:
16 R-29 R (NATO designation SS-N-18 Stingray) SLBMs; 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes.
Comments:
Sources:Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592.
NUCLEAR-POWERED ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSNs)
Project 945B Kondor (NATO name Sierra II)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,200-7,600 surfaced9,100-10,400 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
370 x 36.7 x 28(112.7 x 11.2 x 8.5)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650B 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
14-18 surfaced32.8-36 dived
Complement:
31-32 officers and 28-38 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
2,000-2,625 (610-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; RPK-6 Vodopad and Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
The K-534 Nizhniy Novgorod is laid up, but could be returned to service
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 593.
Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,940-7,200 surfaced6,800-10,100 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
351.6 x 40.3 x 31.6(107.16 x 12.28 x 9.62 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650A 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
12.1-18 surfaced35-36 submerged
Complement:
31 officers, 28-30 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970-2,625 (600-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; Type 86R Vodopad and 88R Vodoley (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
One boat on active duty, arrived at Nerpa Shipyard for reactor refueling in late 2000.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 598.
Project 971/971U/971O Shchuka-B/Bars (NATO name Akula)
Displacement, metric tons:
8,632 surfaced; 12,770 dived (according to Jane's, 8,140 surfaced; 10,500 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
361.6 x 44.6 x 45.2(110.23 x 13.6 x 13.78 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-9VM or OK-650M.01 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
11.2 surfaced; 33.3 knots dived
Complement:
33 officers and 40 crew (according to Jane's, 31 officers and 31 crew)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,968.5 (600)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles launched from four 21" (533 mm) tubes; four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; mines; Improved Akulas (971U) and Akula IIs (971O) have six additional 533 mm external tubes in the bow
Comments:
The Akulas are the core of the Russian SSN force. Two additional Akula IIs are under construction at the Amurskiy Shipyard. The last two additional project numbers are included in Jane's.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). Combat Fleets of the World (2000-2001).V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 596.
Project 671RTMK Shchuka (NATO name Victor III)
Displacement, metric tons:
4,750 surfaced; 5670 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
351.7 x 35.4 x 24.3(107.2 x 10.8 x 7.4)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P, 4T, 72 MW each; Two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
10-11.7 surfaced; 30 dived
Complement:
23 officers and 76 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312 (400)
Endurance:
80 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 36 mines in lieu of torpedoes
Comments:
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 599.
NUCLEAR-POWERED CRUISE-MISSILE ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSGNs)
Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,900-9,500 surfaced8,600-11,800 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
364.2-393.7 x 39.4-49.2 x 27.5-32.8(111-120 x 12-15 x 8.4-10)
Main machinery:
One 195 MW PWR reactor; 2GT3A turbines; 43,000 hp(m) (31.6 MW); 1 shaft; pump-jet propulsor; 2 spinners
Speed, knots:
17 surfaced; 28-31 submerged
Complement:
80-85 (30 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
Information not available
Endurance:
Information not available
Weapons:
3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, eight vertical launchers with 24 missiles; about 30 RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from 21" (533 mm) and 25.6" (650 mm) torpedo tubes
Comments:
First of class, the Severodvinsk, is under construction at Sevmash
Sources: Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592."PLARK - Proyekt 885 'Yasen'," Rossiyskiy podvodnyy flot Website, http://submarine.id.ru/sub.php?885.
Project 949A Antey (NATO name Oscar II)
Displacement:
15,100 surfaced; 25,650 dived (according to Jane's, 13,900 surfaced; 18,300 dived)
Dimensions, ft (m):
507.5 x 59 x 31.2(154.7 x 18 x 9.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P PWR reactors, 75 MW each; two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14.6 surfaced; 33.4 dived
Complement:
48 officers and 59 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970 (600)
Endurance:
120 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, SS-N-19 Granit (NATO Name Shipwreck) SSMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs may be carried, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 32 mines
Comments:
Jane's refers to this as Project 949B.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 594.
Diesel-Powered Submarines (SSKs)
Project 667 Lada (Export class Amur)
Displacement, metric tons:
1,765 surfaced; 2,650 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
223.1 x 23.6 x 14.4 (66.8 x 7.1 x 6.7)
Main machinery:
Two 3,499 hp (2.5 MW) diesel generators; one 5,576 hp (4.1 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced21 submerged
Complement:
35
Range, miles:
650 at 3 knots submerged6,000 at 7 knots snorting
Diving depth, ft (m):
820 (300)
Endurance:
45 days
Weapons:
Torpedoes: six 21" (533 mm) tubes. 18 weapons, or mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Comments:
The first of class, Sankt Peterburg, was launched by Admiralty Shipyards in October 2004. The export version of this boat is knows as the Amur class. There are six different versions based on displacement.
Sources: Admiralty Shipyard Website, http://www.admship.ru/ru/html/ships/sub_amur.Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 599."Proyekt 677 i 677E," http://www.deepstorm.ru.Richard Scott, "Russia Launches First Project 677 Submarine," Jane's Defence Weekly, November 3, 2004.
Project 877K/877M/636 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo)
Displacement:
2,325 surfaced; 3,076 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
238.2; 242.1 (Project 636) x 32.5 x 21.7(72.1; 73.8 x 9.9 x 6.6)
Main machinery:
Two 3,650 hp (2.68 MW) diesel generators; one 5,900hp (4.34 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced; 17 submerged; 9 snorting
Complement:
52 (13 officers)
Range, miles:
6,000 at 7 knots snorting; 400 at 3 knots submerged
Diving depth, ft (m):
790 (240)
Endurance:
52
Weapons:
Can be outfitted with Club-S missiles (NATO name SS-NX-27 'Alfa'), which can have supersonic 3M-54E or subsonic 3M-54EI antiship missiles, 3M-14E land attack cruise missiles or 91RE1 antisubmarine torpedoes. Six 21" (533 mm) tubes with 18 torpedoes, or 24 mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Sources:Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 600."Proyekt 877," http://www.deepstorm.ru."Russia: Overview of Missiles Exported by Russia," CNS Nuclear and Missile Database, NTI Website, http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/general/expmsl.htm.
ACTIVE-DUTY SUBMARINES
Name (Number)
Class
Base
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
K-490 Voskresensk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1977
1977
K-496 (K44*) Borisoglebsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1975
1977
1978
TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy
Akula/ Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1976
1979
1981
K-496 (K506*) Zelenograd
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1978
1979
K-506 (K211*) Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1976
1979
1979
K-211 (K223*) Podolsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1977
1979
1980
K-180 (K433*) Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1978
1980
1980
B-248
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1979
1980
1980
B-260 Chita (ex-Razboynik)
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1980
1981
1981
K-444 (K433*) Ryazan
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1980
1982
1982
B-227
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Amurskiy
1981
1982
1982
K-51 Verkhoturye
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1981
1984
1985
K-84 Yekaterinburg
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1982
1985
1986
B-871 Alrosa
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Black Sea
Krasnoye Sormovo
1983
1984
1984
TK-17 Arkhangelsk
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1983
1986
1987
K-276 Kostroma
Barrakuda/Sierra I SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1984
1986
1987
K-114 Tula
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1984
1987
1987
B-806
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1985
1986
1986
K-132 Irkutsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1985
1987
1988
B-800 Kaluga
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
--
--
1989
TK-20 Severstal
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1985
1989
1989
K-117 Bryansk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1985
1988
1988
B-292 Perm
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1986
1987
1987
K-119 Voronezh
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1986
1988
1989
K-442 Chelyabinsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1986
1990
1990
B-388 (may be renamed Petrozavodsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1987
1988
1988
K-18 Kareliya
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1988
1989
K-407 Novomoskovsk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1990
1990
K-461 Volk
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1991
1991
B-401 Novosibirsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-402 Vologda
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-459 Vladikavkaz
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
--
1990
B-471 Magnitogorsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
19988
--
1990
B-138 Polyarnyye zori (ex-Obninsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1988
1989
1990
B-177 Lipetsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
--
1991
B-437?
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1990
1991
K-266 Orel
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1989
1992
1992
K-328 Leopard
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1988
1992
1992
B-414 Daniil Moskovskiy
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1989
1990
1990
K-331 Magadan
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1989
1990
1991
K-154 Tigr
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1989
1993
1993
K-336 Pskov
Kondor /Sierra II SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1992
1993
K-157 Vepr
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1990
1994
1995
B-448 Tambov
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1991
1991
1992
K-419 Kuzbass
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1991
1992
1992
K-150 (K-526*) Tomsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1991
1996
1997
K-335 Gepard
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1991
1999
2001
K-337 Kuguar
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1992
2004
2005
B-345
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1993
1993
1994
K-295 (K-267*) Samara
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1993
1994
1995
K-152 Nerpa
Bars/Akula SSN
Amurskiy
1993
S-100 Sankt Peterburg
Lada SSK
Admiralty
1997
2004
2005
Yuriy Dolgorukiy
Borey SSBN
Sevmash
Severodvinsk
Yasen/Granay SSGN
Sevmash
1993
*Designation according to Jane's.
Sources:S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005)."Russian Warships," Global Security, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship.htm.www.deepstorm.ru
Information on submarine propulsion reactors in this file was complied by Ole Reistad, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. For information on the HEU enrichment of Russian submarine fuel, and other information on submarine reactors, please see Ole Reistad, Morten Bremer Mærli and Nils Bøhmer, "Russian Naval Nuclear Fuel and Reactors," Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/index.htm, Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 2005.
Current Capabilities
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the once mighty Soviet submarine fleet entered a period of prolonged crisis, during which it shrunk to one-third its former size. The Russian Navy began to emerge from crisis only a few years ago, and now faces a dual task. On the one hand, it needs to dismantle the submarines it no longer needs or cannot maintain: with 194 boats decommissioned, the task is truly massive. On the other hand, the shrunken force has to be maintained and modernized. Whereas international assistance has contributed to the first task (Western assistance to date accounts for 38 out of the total of 107 dismantled nuclear submarines), the second is the exclusive prerogative of the Russian government, the Ministry of Defense, and the navy. (For more information on foreign assistance for Russian submarine dismantlement and related issues, please see "Russia: Naval Fuel Cycle Foreign Assistance," in the NIS Nuclear and Missile Database.)
The submarine force is intended to support several missions. SSBNs are viewed as an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad and as contributing to nuclear deterrence as relatively invulnerable, primarily second-strike assets. The number of SSBNs is dwindling, however, and, perhaps most important, the navy cannot maintain many SSBNs on combat patrol—according to open sources, no more than one or two SSBNs are on patrol at any given moment, and there have been periods of time when no SSBN was on patrol at all. Although Soviet SSBNs were given the capability to launch missiles from the surface, including when moored to the pier, this is poor consolation because, in port, SSBNs are little but a "soft" (unhardened) and very attractive target that cannot contribute to deterrence.
The "attack" or multipurpose nuclear submarine force traditionally had a primarily anti-ship and anti-submarine mission: they were supposed to hunt and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (the priority target was U.S. aircraft carriers). Consequently, the emphasis was given to anti-ship cruise missiles and torpedoes, the latest models of which are highly sophisticated. The same mission was also supported by diesel submarines in relatively shallow waters close to shore or in narrow straits. More recently, attack submarines have also acquired cruise missiles for use against land targets. With the exception of SLBMs, all weapons on board submarines are non-nuclear in accordance with the 1991 U.S.-Soviet Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs).
Although defense spending has tripled in the last five years, the available funds are still insufficient in the face of the backlog of modernization, training, maintenance, and dismantlement tasks. Like the rest of the armed forces, the navy is haunted by insufficient funding, which limits its ability to conduct regular overhauls of operational submarines and even to maintain them in a combat-ready state. The inability to conduct overhauls, which are required every seven to eight years (and, according to some sources, the low attention of the navy leadership to this problem) is perhaps the gravest problem, because it forces the navy to decommission submarines at a faster rate than would otherwise be necessary. As a result, many of the submarines that are officially classified as operational cannot be deployed. Another navy-specific problem is the burden of past and recent political decisions, which tended to set overambitious goals that cannot be supported by current funding; this problem applies primarily to the SSBN fleet.
Paradoxically, the long period of decline has helped to optimize the submarine fleet and make it more cost-effective. Prospective future programs now emphasize smaller, cheaper, but also more technologically advanced multipurpose vessels.
The strategic submarine fleet—SSBNs carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles—seems to be in the worst shape. Currently, Russia has no more than 20 SSBNs, according to a recent (March 2005) statement of Chief of the Navy Vladimir Kuroyedov, but most experts believe that the number of operational SSBNs does not exceed 12-14 and is likely to contract further. The largest (and the most expensive) SSBNs in the world, Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon), face near extinction—only one, at most two, of these vessels will remain in service. The reasonably modern Project 667BDRM Delfin (Delta IV) that are the mainstay of the SSBN fleet number only seven and their predecessor, Project 667BDR Kalmar (Delta III) number between seven and eight. SSBN modernization remained at a standstill until a few years ago, in contrast to other elements of the submarine fleet.
The sorry state of the SSBN force could be attributed to the failure, in the mid-1990s, of a program to develop the new solid-fuel Bark SLBM, based on the older R-39 (SS-N-20) SLBM that was deployed on Project 941 Akula (Typhoon) submarines. The new missile was supposed to keep the Akulas "afloat" and be deployed subsequently on a new, smaller SSBN, Project 955 Borey, whose first keel was laid in 1996. When the Bark program was terminated in 1997, construction of the first Borey, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, had to be frozen. In 1998, a new SLBM program, "Bulava-30" was launched, and the Borey class had to be redesigned for the new missile; this also doomed Akulas (except for the first submarine in that class, the TK-208, later named Dmitriy Donskoy, which was overhauled to serve as a testing platform for the future SLBM). Flight-tests are scheduled to begin in 2005; Yuriy Dolgorukiy is scheduled to be launched in 2006 as well. Moreover, the keel of the second Project 955 Borey submarine has already been laid and it is supposed to be launched in 2007. It seems that following many years of delays, insufficient funding, and design failures the Navy is rushing to bring the new SSBN into service at the earliest possible date. The production plans for the new class are still uncertain—it is reported to be between three and 10 boats.
By contrast, the shape of the nuclear attack submarine fleet—which will also represent the core of the submarine fleet not only by their numbers, but also in terms of their mission—can be predicted reasonably well. The main task of the existing and future vessels in this category is finding and destroying enemy submarines and surface ships (including aircraft carriers and aircraft carrier groups), as well as land targets.
Their modernization concentrates on designs that date back to the late 1970s and 1980s, which had matured by the last years of the Soviet Union. Production of the large third-generation attack nuclear submarines of Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I) and 945A Kondor (NATO name Sierra II) was discontinued in 1993 (the unfinished fifth submarine of that class, Project 945B Mars was disassembled at the shipyard); officially, four ships in that class remain in service but only two are reported to be seaworthy. The main drawbacks of these submarines from today’s perspective are their high cost (caused, in part, by the titanium hull) and limited mission—they were originally designed for antisubmarine warfare (ASW), although the modification, Project 945A, was also equipped with Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) cruise missiles intended to attack land targets. A number of second-generation Project 671RT Semga and 671RTM-RTMK Shchuka (Victor II and III) boats remain part of the fleet, but will probably be decommissioned in the near future.
The core of the attack nuclear submarine fleet consists of Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name Akula) submarines—a smaller multipurpose development of Project 945 (Nato name Sierra). Project 971 began in the mid-1970s and the first submarine in that class was launched in 1984. A total of 13 these SSNs have been built, the latest, Vepr, was launched in 1996. Project 971 SSNs are widely known as the quietest, fastest, most modern submarines in Russia and are widely reported to be on par with the most advanced U.S. attack submarines. Reportedly, Russia plans to build several more submarines of this class, completing vessels whose construction was frozen in the 1990s due to the lack of funding. Another "core class" of SSNs are Projects 949 Granit and 949A Antey (NATO names Oscar I and II); 13 of these submarines have been built. There are no reports, however, about building new submarines of these classes.
The future of the Russian attack submarine fleet is represented by fourth-generation cruise-missile Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay), the first of which, Severodvinsk, is still under construction (the Severodvinsk was supposed to be completed in 2000, but its launch has been postponed several times due to insufficient funding). Project 885 is supposed to eventually replace Projects 945 and 949, so that only two classes of attack submarines will eventually remain in the navy.
Diesel submarines number about 20 and are represented by reasonably advanced Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class submarines of various modifications, which entered service in late 1980s. A submarine of the latest modification entered service in 2000. Construction of the latest submarine in that class was completed in May 2005, but the vessel was intended for export. In early 2005, the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg launched the St. Petersburg, the first submarine of a new class, Project 677 Lada; an export version of that class, Project 677E (Amur-1650) will also be produced in the near future.
NUCLEAR-POWERED BALLISTIC-MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSBNs)
Project 955 Borey
Displacement, metric tons:
11,750-14,720 surfaced16,750-24,000 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
557.7 x 44.3 x 29.5-32.8(170 x 13.5 x 9-10)
Main machinery:
2 PWR reactors; 2 diesel generators; 3,400 hp (m) (2.5 MW); 1 motor; 5,576 hp(m) (4.1 MW)
Speed, knots:
15 surfaced26-29 submerged
Complement:
107-130 (including 55 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,250-1,475 (380-450)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
12 Bulava (Topol-M-type) SLBMs; Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; four 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes
Comments:
Currently under construction. The first of class, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, was laid down in 1996. It had to be substantially redesigned in 1999 to accommodate the new Bulava SLBM design. There are currently two vessels under construction, Yuriy Dolgorukiy (scheduled to be launched in 2006) and Aleksandr Nevskiy (laid down in March 2004). The Russian Navy is hoping the Bulava will be ready by the end of 2006.
Sources: "Bulava programme skips ground launches," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, http://www.janes.com/, July 1, 2005.Combat Fleets of the World, 2000-2001.Mark Galeotti, "Putin puts confidence in new generation of missiles," Jane's Intelligence Review, http://www.janes.com/, February 1, 2005.Bellona Website, http://www.bellona.org/, August 20, 2004.
Project 667BDRM Delfin (NATO name Delta IV)
Displacement, metric tons:
11,700 surfaced18,200 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
548 x 38.4 x 29 (167 x 11.7 x 8.8 m)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4SG PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
13-14 surfaced22-24 submerged
Complement:
130-135 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,300 (400)
Weapons:
16 R-29RM Shtil (NATO designation SS-N-23 Skiff) SLBMs; four 21" (533 mm) tubes with 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) missiles.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591.
Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon)
Displacement, metric tons:
23,200-28,500 surfaced48,000-49,800 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
57 x 76.4 x 37.7(172.8 x 23.3 x 11.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-5 PWR reactors, 190 MW each; two OK-650 steam turbines, 50,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
12-16 surfaced 25-26 dived
Complement:
50-52 officers and 100-127 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312-1,640(400-500 m)
Endurance:
90-120 days
Weapons:
20 R-39 (NATO designation SS-N-20 Sturgeon) SLBMs; RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from four 21" (533 mm) and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes.
Comments:
The Typhoon submarines do not currently have operational SLBMs. Dmitriy Donskoy, relaunched in June 2002 after refit, will act as a test-bed for a new SLBM type. The Bark SLBM originally intended for the submarine was cancelled, and the Bulava SLBM (related to the Topol M ICBM), which will also arm Borey-class SSBNs, is under development.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).Aleksandr Belkin, "Potemkinskiye eskadry," Grani.ru Web Site, http://www.grani.ru/kursk/articles/donskoi/, 24 July 2002.S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591."Russia Nuclear Sub Launched After 12-Year Overhaul," BBC Monitoring, 26 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.
Project 667BDR Kalmar (NATO name Delta III)
Displacement, metric tons:
8,940-10,600 surfaced10,600-13,700 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
508.5 x 38.4 x 28.5(155 x 11.7 x 8.7)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4S PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14 surfaced24-25 submerged
Complement:
30-40 officers; 50-90 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,050-1,312(320-400)
Endurance:
80-90 days
Weapons:
16 R-29 R (NATO designation SS-N-18 Stingray) SLBMs; 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes.
Comments:
Sources:Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592.
NUCLEAR-POWERED ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSNs)
Project 945B Kondor (NATO name Sierra II)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,200-7,600 surfaced9,100-10,400 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
370 x 36.7 x 28(112.7 x 11.2 x 8.5)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650B 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
14-18 surfaced32.8-36 dived
Complement:
31-32 officers and 28-38 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
2,000-2,625 (610-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; RPK-6 Vodopad and Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
The K-534 Nizhniy Novgorod is laid up, but could be returned to service
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 593.
Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,940-7,200 surfaced6,800-10,100 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
351.6 x 40.3 x 31.6(107.16 x 12.28 x 9.62 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650A 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
12.1-18 surfaced35-36 submerged
Complement:
31 officers, 28-30 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970-2,625 (600-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; Type 86R Vodopad and 88R Vodoley (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
One boat on active duty, arrived at Nerpa Shipyard for reactor refueling in late 2000.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 598.
Project 971/971U/971O Shchuka-B/Bars (NATO name Akula)
Displacement, metric tons:
8,632 surfaced; 12,770 dived (according to Jane's, 8,140 surfaced; 10,500 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
361.6 x 44.6 x 45.2(110.23 x 13.6 x 13.78 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-9VM or OK-650M.01 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
11.2 surfaced; 33.3 knots dived
Complement:
33 officers and 40 crew (according to Jane's, 31 officers and 31 crew)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,968.5 (600)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles launched from four 21" (533 mm) tubes; four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; mines; Improved Akulas (971U) and Akula IIs (971O) have six additional 533 mm external tubes in the bow
Comments:
The Akulas are the core of the Russian SSN force. Two additional Akula IIs are under construction at the Amurskiy Shipyard. The last two additional project numbers are included in Jane's.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). Combat Fleets of the World (2000-2001).V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 596.
Project 671RTMK Shchuka (NATO name Victor III)
Displacement, metric tons:
4,750 surfaced; 5670 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
351.7 x 35.4 x 24.3(107.2 x 10.8 x 7.4)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P, 4T, 72 MW each; Two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
10-11.7 surfaced; 30 dived
Complement:
23 officers and 76 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312 (400)
Endurance:
80 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 36 mines in lieu of torpedoes
Comments:
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 599.
NUCLEAR-POWERED CRUISE-MISSILE ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSGNs)
Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,900-9,500 surfaced8,600-11,800 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
364.2-393.7 x 39.4-49.2 x 27.5-32.8(111-120 x 12-15 x 8.4-10)
Main machinery:
One 195 MW PWR reactor; 2GT3A turbines; 43,000 hp(m) (31.6 MW); 1 shaft; pump-jet propulsor; 2 spinners
Speed, knots:
17 surfaced; 28-31 submerged
Complement:
80-85 (30 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
Information not available
Endurance:
Information not available
Weapons:
3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, eight vertical launchers with 24 missiles; about 30 RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from 21" (533 mm) and 25.6" (650 mm) torpedo tubes
Comments:
First of class, the Severodvinsk, is under construction at Sevmash
Sources: Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592."PLARK - Proyekt 885 'Yasen'," Rossiyskiy podvodnyy flot Website, http://submarine.id.ru/sub.php?885.
Project 949A Antey (NATO name Oscar II)
Displacement:
15,100 surfaced; 25,650 dived (according to Jane's, 13,900 surfaced; 18,300 dived)
Dimensions, ft (m):
507.5 x 59 x 31.2(154.7 x 18 x 9.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P PWR reactors, 75 MW each; two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14.6 surfaced; 33.4 dived
Complement:
48 officers and 59 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970 (600)
Endurance:
120 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, SS-N-19 Granit (NATO Name Shipwreck) SSMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs may be carried, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 32 mines
Comments:
Jane's refers to this as Project 949B.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 594.
Diesel-Powered Submarines (SSKs)
Project 667 Lada (Export class Amur)
Displacement, metric tons:
1,765 surfaced; 2,650 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):
223.1 x 23.6 x 14.4 (66.8 x 7.1 x 6.7)
Main machinery:
Two 3,499 hp (2.5 MW) diesel generators; one 5,576 hp (4.1 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced21 submerged
Complement:
35
Range, miles:
650 at 3 knots submerged6,000 at 7 knots snorting
Diving depth, ft (m):
820 (300)
Endurance:
45 days
Weapons:
Torpedoes: six 21" (533 mm) tubes. 18 weapons, or mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Comments:
The first of class, Sankt Peterburg, was launched by Admiralty Shipyards in October 2004. The export version of this boat is knows as the Amur class. There are six different versions based on displacement.
Sources: Admiralty Shipyard Website, http://www.admship.ru/ru/html/ships/sub_amur.Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 599."Proyekt 677 i 677E," http://www.deepstorm.ru.Richard Scott, "Russia Launches First Project 677 Submarine," Jane's Defence Weekly, November 3, 2004.
Project 877K/877M/636 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo)
Displacement:
2,325 surfaced; 3,076 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
238.2; 242.1 (Project 636) x 32.5 x 21.7(72.1; 73.8 x 9.9 x 6.6)
Main machinery:
Two 3,650 hp (2.68 MW) diesel generators; one 5,900hp (4.34 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced; 17 submerged; 9 snorting
Complement:
52 (13 officers)
Range, miles:
6,000 at 7 knots snorting; 400 at 3 knots submerged
Diving depth, ft (m):
790 (240)
Endurance:
52
Weapons:
Can be outfitted with Club-S missiles (NATO name SS-NX-27 'Alfa'), which can have supersonic 3M-54E or subsonic 3M-54EI antiship missiles, 3M-14E land attack cruise missiles or 91RE1 antisubmarine torpedoes. Six 21" (533 mm) tubes with 18 torpedoes, or 24 mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Sources:Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 600."Proyekt 877," http://www.deepstorm.ru."Russia: Overview of Missiles Exported by Russia," CNS Nuclear and Missile Database, NTI Website, http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/general/expmsl.htm.
ACTIVE-DUTY SUBMARINES
Name (Number)
Class
Base
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
K-490 Voskresensk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1977
1977
K-496 (K44*) Borisoglebsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1975
1977
1978
TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy
Akula/ Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1976
1979
1981
K-496 (K506*) Zelenograd
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1978
1979
K-506 (K211*) Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1976
1979
1979
K-211 (K223*) Podolsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1977
1979
1980
K-180 (K433*) Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1978
1980
1980
B-248
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1979
1980
1980
B-260 Chita (ex-Razboynik)
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1980
1981
1981
K-444 (K433*) Ryazan
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1980
1982
1982
B-227
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Amurskiy
1981
1982
1982
K-51 Verkhoturye
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1981
1984
1985
K-84 Yekaterinburg
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1982
1985
1986
B-871 Alrosa
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Black Sea
Krasnoye Sormovo
1983
1984
1984
TK-17 Arkhangelsk
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1983
1986
1987
K-276 Kostroma
Barrakuda/Sierra I SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1984
1986
1987
K-114 Tula
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1984
1987
1987
B-806
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1985
1986
1986
K-132 Irkutsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1985
1987
1988
B-800 Kaluga
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
--
--
1989
TK-20 Severstal
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1985
1989
1989
K-117 Bryansk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1985
1988
1988
B-292 Perm
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1986
1987
1987
K-119 Voronezh
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1986
1988
1989
K-442 Chelyabinsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1986
1990
1990
B-388 (may be renamed Petrozavodsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1987
1988
1988
K-18 Kareliya
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1988
1989
K-407 Novomoskovsk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1990
1990
K-461 Volk
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1991
1991
B-401 Novosibirsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-402 Vologda
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-459 Vladikavkaz
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
--
1990
B-471 Magnitogorsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
19988
--
1990
B-138 Polyarnyye zori (ex-Obninsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1988
1989
1990
B-177 Lipetsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
--
1991
B-437?
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1990
1991
K-266 Orel
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1989
1992
1992
K-328 Leopard
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1988
1992
1992
B-414 Daniil Moskovskiy
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1989
1990
1990
K-331 Magadan
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1989
1990
1991
K-154 Tigr
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1989
1993
1993
K-336 Pskov
Kondor /Sierra II SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1992
1993
K-157 Vepr
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1990
1994
1995
B-448 Tambov
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1991
1991
1992
K-419 Kuzbass
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1991
1992
1992
K-150 (K-526*) Tomsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1991
1996
1997
K-335 Gepard
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1991
1999
2001
K-337 Kuguar
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1992
2004
2005
B-345
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1993
1993
1994
K-295 (K-267*) Samara
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1993
1994
1995
K-152 Nerpa
Bars/Akula SSN
Amurskiy
1993
S-100 Sankt Peterburg
Lada SSK
Admiralty
1997
2004
2005
Yuriy Dolgorukiy
Borey SSBN
Sevmash
Severodvinsk
Yasen/Granay SSGN
Sevmash
1993
*Designation according to Jane's.
Sources:S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005)."Russian Warships," Global Security, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship.htm.www.deepstorm.ru
Information on submarine propulsion reactors in this file was complied by Ole Reistad, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. For information on the HEU enrichment of Russian submarine fuel, and other information on submarine reactors, please see Ole Reistad, Morten Bremer Mærli and Nils Bøhmer, "Russian Naval Nuclear Fuel and Reactors," Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/index.htm, Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 2005.
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