CAPACIDADES FLOTA SUBMARINOS DE RUSIA

Luego de comenzar a ver los ultimos submarinos alemanes, vamos a poder observar las capacidades actuales (informadas) de la flota de submarinos rusos.

Current Capabilities
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the once mighty Soviet submarine fleet entered a period of prolonged crisis, during which it shrunk to one-third its former size. The Russian Navy began to emerge from crisis only a few years ago, and now faces a dual task. On the one hand, it needs to dismantle the submarines it no longer needs or cannot maintain: with 194 boats decommissioned, the task is truly massive. On the other hand, the shrunken force has to be maintained and modernized. Whereas international assistance has contributed to the first task (Western assistance to date accounts for 38 out of the total of 107 dismantled nuclear submarines), the second is the exclusive prerogative of the Russian government, the Ministry of Defense, and the navy. (For more information on foreign assistance for Russian submarine dismantlement and related issues, please see "Russia: Naval Fuel Cycle Foreign Assistance," in the NIS Nuclear and Missile Database.)
The submarine force is intended to support several missions. SSBNs are viewed as an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad and as contributing to nuclear deterrence as relatively invulnerable, primarily second-strike assets. The number of SSBNs is dwindling, however, and, perhaps most important, the navy cannot maintain many SSBNs on combat patrol—according to open sources, no more than one or two SSBNs are on patrol at any given moment, and there have been periods of time when no SSBN was on patrol at all. Although Soviet SSBNs were given the capability to launch missiles from the surface, including when moored to the pier, this is poor consolation because, in port, SSBNs are little but a "soft" (unhardened) and very attractive target that cannot contribute to deterrence.
The "attack" or multipurpose nuclear submarine force traditionally had a primarily anti-ship and anti-submarine mission: they were supposed to hunt and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (the priority target was U.S. aircraft carriers). Consequently, the emphasis was given to anti-ship cruise missiles and torpedoes, the latest models of which are highly sophisticated. The same mission was also supported by diesel submarines in relatively shallow waters close to shore or in narrow straits. More recently, attack submarines have also acquired cruise missiles for use against land targets. With the exception of SLBMs, all weapons on board submarines are non-nuclear in accordance with the 1991 U.S.-Soviet Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs).
Although defense spending has tripled in the last five years, the available funds are still insufficient in the face of the backlog of modernization, training, maintenance, and dismantlement tasks. Like the rest of the armed forces, the navy is haunted by insufficient funding, which limits its ability to conduct regular overhauls of operational submarines and even to maintain them in a combat-ready state. The inability to conduct overhauls, which are required every seven to eight years (and, according to some sources, the low attention of the navy leadership to this problem) is perhaps the gravest problem, because it forces the navy to decommission submarines at a faster rate than would otherwise be necessary. As a result, many of the submarines that are officially classified as operational cannot be deployed. Another navy-specific problem is the burden of past and recent political decisions, which tended to set overambitious goals that cannot be supported by current funding; this problem applies primarily to the SSBN fleet.
Paradoxically, the long period of decline has helped to optimize the submarine fleet and make it more cost-effective. Prospective future programs now emphasize smaller, cheaper, but also more technologically advanced multipurpose vessels.
The strategic submarine fleet—SSBNs carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles—seems to be in the worst shape. Currently, Russia has no more than 20 SSBNs, according to a recent (March 2005) statement of Chief of the Navy Vladimir Kuroyedov, but most experts believe that the number of operational SSBNs does not exceed 12-14 and is likely to contract further. The largest (and the most expensive) SSBNs in the world, Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon), face near extinction—only one, at most two, of these vessels will remain in service. The reasonably modern Project 667BDRM Delfin (Delta IV) that are the mainstay of the SSBN fleet number only seven and their predecessor, Project 667BDR Kalmar (Delta III) number between seven and eight. SSBN modernization remained at a standstill until a few years ago, in contrast to other elements of the submarine fleet.
The sorry state of the SSBN force could be attributed to the failure, in the mid-1990s, of a program to develop the new solid-fuel Bark SLBM, based on the older R-39 (SS-N-20) SLBM that was deployed on Project 941 Akula (Typhoon) submarines. The new missile was supposed to keep the Akulas "afloat" and be deployed subsequently on a new, smaller SSBN, Project 955 Borey, whose first keel was laid in 1996. When the Bark program was terminated in 1997, construction of the first Borey, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, had to be frozen. In 1998, a new SLBM program, "Bulava-30" was launched, and the Borey class had to be redesigned for the new missile; this also doomed Akulas (except for the first submarine in that class, the TK-208, later named Dmitriy Donskoy, which was overhauled to serve as a testing platform for the future SLBM). Flight-tests are scheduled to begin in 2005; Yuriy Dolgorukiy is scheduled to be launched in 2006 as well. Moreover, the keel of the second Project 955 Borey submarine has already been laid and it is supposed to be launched in 2007. It seems that following many years of delays, insufficient funding, and design failures the Navy is rushing to bring the new SSBN into service at the earliest possible date. The production plans for the new class are still uncertain—it is reported to be between three and 10 boats.
By contrast, the shape of the nuclear attack submarine fleet—which will also represent the core of the submarine fleet not only by their numbers, but also in terms of their mission—can be predicted reasonably well. The main task of the existing and future vessels in this category is finding and destroying enemy submarines and surface ships (including aircraft carriers and aircraft carrier groups), as well as land targets.
Their modernization concentrates on designs that date back to the late 1970s and 1980s, which had matured by the last years of the Soviet Union. Production of the large third-generation attack nuclear submarines of Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I) and 945A Kondor (NATO name Sierra II) was discontinued in 1993 (the unfinished fifth submarine of that class, Project 945B Mars was disassembled at the shipyard); officially, four ships in that class remain in service but only two are reported to be seaworthy. The main drawbacks of these submarines from today’s perspective are their high cost (caused, in part, by the titanium hull) and limited mission—they were originally designed for antisubmarine warfare (ASW), although the modification, Project 945A, was also equipped with Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) cruise missiles intended to attack land targets. A number of second-generation Project 671RT Semga and 671RTM-RTMK Shchuka (Victor II and III) boats remain part of the fleet, but will probably be decommissioned in the near future.
The core of the attack nuclear submarine fleet consists of Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name Akula) submarines—a smaller multipurpose development of Project 945 (Nato name Sierra). Project 971 began in the mid-1970s and the first submarine in that class was launched in 1984. A total of 13 these SSNs have been built, the latest, Vepr, was launched in 1996. Project 971 SSNs are widely known as the quietest, fastest, most modern submarines in Russia and are widely reported to be on par with the most advanced U.S. attack submarines. Reportedly, Russia plans to build several more submarines of this class, completing vessels whose construction was frozen in the 1990s due to the lack of funding. Another "core class" of SSNs are Projects 949 Granit and 949A Antey (NATO names Oscar I and II); 13 of these submarines have been built. There are no reports, however, about building new submarines of these classes.
The future of the Russian attack submarine fleet is represented by fourth-generation cruise-missile Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay), the first of which, Severodvinsk, is still under construction (the Severodvinsk was supposed to be completed in 2000, but its launch has been postponed several times due to insufficient funding). Project 885 is supposed to eventually replace Projects 945 and 949, so that only two classes of attack submarines will eventually remain in the navy.
Diesel submarines number about 20 and are represented by reasonably advanced Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class submarines of various modifications, which entered service in late 1980s. A submarine of the latest modification entered service in 2000. Construction of the latest submarine in that class was completed in May 2005, but the vessel was intended for export. In early 2005, the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg launched the St. Petersburg, the first submarine of a new class, Project 677 Lada; an export version of that class, Project 677E (Amur-1650) will also be produced in the near future.
NUCLEAR-POWERED BALLISTIC-MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSBNs)
Project 955 Borey
Displacement, metric tons:
11,750-14,720 surfaced16,750-24,000 submerged

Dimensions, ft (m):
557.7 x 44.3 x 29.5-32.8(170 x 13.5 x 9-10)
Main machinery:
2 PWR reactors; 2 diesel generators; 3,400 hp (m) (2.5 MW); 1 motor; 5,576 hp(m) (4.1 MW)
Speed, knots:
15 surfaced26-29 submerged
Complement:
107-130 (including 55 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,250-1,475 (380-450)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
12 Bulava (Topol-M-type) SLBMs; Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; four 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes
Comments:
Currently under construction. The first of class, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, was laid down in 1996. It had to be substantially redesigned in 1999 to accommodate the new Bulava SLBM design. There are currently two vessels under construction, Yuriy Dolgorukiy (scheduled to be launched in 2006) and Aleksandr Nevskiy (laid down in March 2004). The Russian Navy is hoping the Bulava will be ready by the end of 2006.
Sources: "Bulava programme skips ground launches," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, http://www.janes.com/, July 1, 2005.Combat Fleets of the World, 2000-2001.Mark Galeotti, "Putin puts confidence in new generation of missiles," Jane's Intelligence Review, http://www.janes.com/, February 1, 2005.Bellona Website, http://www.bellona.org/, August 20, 2004.
Project 667BDRM Delfin (NATO name Delta IV)


Displacement, metric tons:
11,700 surfaced18,200 submerged


Dimensions, ft (m):
548 x 38.4 x 29 (167 x 11.7 x 8.8 m)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4SG PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
13-14 surfaced22-24 submerged
Complement:
130-135 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,300 (400)
Weapons:
16 R-29RM Shtil (NATO designation SS-N-23 Skiff) SLBMs; four 21" (533 mm) tubes with 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) missiles.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591.



Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon)


Displacement, metric tons:
23,200-28,500 surfaced48,000-49,800 dived


Dimensions, ft (m):
57 x 76.4 x 37.7(172.8 x 23.3 x 11.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-5 PWR reactors, 190 MW each; two OK-650 steam turbines, 50,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
12-16 surfaced 25-26 dived
Complement:
50-52 officers and 100-127 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312-1,640(400-500 m)
Endurance:
90-120 days
Weapons:
20 R-39 (NATO designation SS-N-20 Sturgeon) SLBMs; RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from four 21" (533 mm) and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes.
Comments:
The Typhoon submarines do not currently have operational SLBMs. Dmitriy Donskoy, relaunched in June 2002 after refit, will act as a test-bed for a new SLBM type. The Bark SLBM originally intended for the submarine was cancelled, and the Bulava SLBM (related to the Topol M ICBM), which will also arm Borey-class SSBNs, is under development.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).Aleksandr Belkin, "Potemkinskiye eskadry," Grani.ru Web Site, http://www.grani.ru/kursk/articles/donskoi/, 24 July 2002.S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591."Russia Nuclear Sub Launched After 12-Year Overhaul," BBC Monitoring, 26 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.






Project 667BDR Kalmar (NATO name Delta III)

Displacement, metric tons:
8,940-10,600 surfaced10,600-13,700 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
508.5 x 38.4 x 28.5(155 x 11.7 x 8.7)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4S PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14 surfaced24-25 submerged
Complement:
30-40 officers; 50-90 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,050-1,312(320-400)
Endurance:
80-90 days
Weapons:
16 R-29 R (NATO designation SS-N-18 Stingray) SLBMs; 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes.
Comments:


Sources:Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592.

NUCLEAR-POWERED ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSNs)
Project 945B Kondor (NATO name Sierra II)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,200-7,600 surfaced9,100-10,400 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
370 x 36.7 x 28(112.7 x 11.2 x 8.5)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650B 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
14-18 surfaced32.8-36 dived
Complement:
31-32 officers and 28-38 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
2,000-2,625 (610-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; RPK-6 Vodopad and Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
The K-534 Nizhniy Novgorod is laid up, but could be returned to service

Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 593.
Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,940-7,200 surfaced6,800-10,100 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
351.6 x 40.3 x 31.6(107.16 x 12.28 x 9.62 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650A 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
12.1-18 surfaced35-36 submerged
Complement:
31 officers, 28-30 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970-2,625 (600-800)
Endurance:
50-100 days
Weapons:
P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; Type 86R Vodopad and 88R Vodoley (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:
One boat on active duty, arrived at Nerpa Shipyard for reactor refueling in late 2000.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 598.
Project 971/971U/971O Shchuka-B/Bars (NATO name Akula)


Displacement, metric tons:
8,632 surfaced; 12,770 dived (according to Jane's, 8,140 surfaced; 10,500 dived


Dimensions, ft (m):
361.6 x 44.6 x 45.2(110.23 x 13.6 x 13.78 m)
Main machinery:
One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-9VM or OK-650M.01 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:
11.2 surfaced; 33.3 knots dived
Complement:
33 officers and 40 crew (according to Jane's, 31 officers and 31 crew)
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,968.5 (600)
Endurance:
100 days
Weapons:
RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles launched from four 21" (533 mm) tubes; four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; mines; Improved Akulas (971U) and Akula IIs (971O) have six additional 533 mm external tubes in the bow
Comments:
The Akulas are the core of the Russian SSN force. Two additional Akula IIs are under construction at the Amurskiy Shipyard. The last two additional project numbers are included in Jane's.


Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). Combat Fleets of the World (2000-2001).V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 596.


Project 671RTMK Shchuka (NATO name Victor III)


Displacement, metric tons:
4,750 surfaced; 5670 dived

Dimensions, ft (m):
351.7 x 35.4 x 24.3(107.2 x 10.8 x 7.4)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P, 4T, 72 MW each; Two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
10-11.7 surfaced; 30 dived
Complement:
23 officers and 76 men
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,312 (400)
Endurance:
80 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 36 mines in lieu of torpedoes
Comments:



Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 599.
NUCLEAR-POWERED CRUISE-MISSILE ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSGNs)
Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay)
Displacement, metric tons:
5,900-9,500 surfaced8,600-11,800 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):
364.2-393.7 x 39.4-49.2 x 27.5-32.8(111-120 x 12-15 x 8.4-10)
Main machinery:
One 195 MW PWR reactor; 2GT3A turbines; 43,000 hp(m) (31.6 MW); 1 shaft; pump-jet propulsor; 2 spinners
Speed, knots:
17 surfaced; 28-31 submerged
Complement:
80-85 (30 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):
Information not available
Endurance:
Information not available
Weapons:
3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, eight vertical launchers with 24 missiles; about 30 RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from 21" (533 mm) and 25.6" (650 mm) torpedo tubes
Comments:
First of class, the Severodvinsk, is under construction at Sevmash

Sources: Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592."PLARK - Proyekt 885 'Yasen'," Rossiyskiy podvodnyy flot Website, http://submarine.id.ru/sub.php?885.
Project 949A Antey (NATO name Oscar II)
Displacement:
15,100 surfaced; 25,650 dived (according to Jane's, 13,900 surfaced; 18,300 dived)
Dimensions, ft (m):
507.5 x 59 x 31.2(154.7 x 18 x 9.5)
Main machinery:
Two VM-4P PWR reactors, 75 MW each; two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:
14.6 surfaced; 33.4 dived
Complement:
48 officers and 59 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):
1,970 (600)
Endurance:
120 days
Weapons:
Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, SS-N-19 Granit (NATO Name Shipwreck) SSMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs may be carried, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 32 mines
Comments:
Jane's refers to this as Project 949B.
Sources: Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002). Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,2003).S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001). V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 594.
Diesel-Powered Submarines (SSKs)
Project 667 Lada (Export class Amur)


Displacement, metric tons:
1,765 surfaced; 2,650 dived

Dimensions, ft (m):
223.1 x 23.6 x 14.4 (66.8 x 7.1 x 6.7)
Main machinery:
Two 3,499 hp (2.5 MW) diesel generators; one 5,576 hp (4.1 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced21 submerged
Complement:
35
Range, miles:
650 at 3 knots submerged6,000 at 7 knots snorting
Diving depth, ft (m):
820 (300)
Endurance:
45 days
Weapons:
Torpedoes: six 21" (533 mm) tubes. 18 weapons, or mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Comments:
The first of class, Sankt Peterburg, was launched by Admiralty Shipyards in October 2004. The export version of this boat is knows as the Amur class. There are six different versions based on displacement.


Sources: Admiralty Shipyard Website, http://www.admship.ru/ru/html/ships/sub_amur.Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 599."Proyekt 677 i 677E," http://www.deepstorm.ru.Richard Scott, "Russia Launches First Project 677 Submarine," Jane's Defence Weekly, November 3, 2004.

Project 877K/877M/636 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo)
Displacement:
2,325 surfaced; 3,076 submerged

Dimensions, ft (m):
238.2; 242.1 (Project 636) x 32.5 x 21.7(72.1; 73.8 x 9.9 x 6.6)
Main machinery:
Two 3,650 hp (2.68 MW) diesel generators; one 5,900hp (4.34 MW) motor
Speed, knots:
10 surfaced; 17 submerged; 9 snorting
Complement:
52 (13 officers)
Range, miles:
6,000 at 7 knots snorting; 400 at 3 knots submerged
Diving depth, ft (m):
790 (240)
Endurance:
52
Weapons:
Can be outfitted with Club-S missiles (NATO name SS-NX-27 'Alfa'), which can have supersonic 3M-54E or subsonic 3M-54EI antiship missiles, 3M-14E land attack cruise missiles or 91RE1 antisubmarine torpedoes. Six 21" (533 mm) tubes with 18 torpedoes, or 24 mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Sources:Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 600."Proyekt 877," http://www.deepstorm.ru."Russia: Overview of Missiles Exported by Russia," CNS Nuclear and Missile Database, NTI Website, http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/general/expmsl.htm.

ACTIVE-DUTY SUBMARINES
Name (Number)
Class
Base
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
K-490 Voskresensk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1977
1977
K-496 (K44*) Borisoglebsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1975
1977
1978
TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy
Akula/ Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1976
1979
1981
K-496 (K506*) Zelenograd
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1975
1978
1979
K-506 (K211*) Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1976
1979
1979
K-211 (K223*) Podolsk
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1977
1979
1980
K-180 (K433*) Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1978
1980
1980
B-248
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1979
1980
1980
B-260 Chita (ex-Razboynik)
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1980
1981
1981
K-444 (K433*) Ryazan
Kalmar/Delta III SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1980
1982
1982
B-227
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Amurskiy
1981
1982
1982
K-51 Verkhoturye
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1981
1984
1985
K-84 Yekaterinburg
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1982
1985
1986
B-871 Alrosa
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Black Sea
Krasnoye Sormovo
1983
1984
1984
TK-17 Arkhangelsk
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1983
1986
1987
K-276 Kostroma
Barrakuda/Sierra I SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1984
1986
1987
K-114 Tula
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1984
1987
1987
B-806
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Baltic Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1985
1986
1986
K-132 Irkutsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1985
1987
1988
B-800 Kaluga
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
--
--
1989
TK-20 Severstal
Akula/Typhoon SSBN
Nerpichya
Sevmash
1985
1989
1989
K-117 Bryansk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1985
1988
1988
B-292 Perm
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1986
1987
1987
K-119 Voronezh
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1986
1988
1989
K-442 Chelyabinsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1986
1990
1990
B-388 (may be renamed Petrozavodsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1987
1988
1988
K-18 Kareliya
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1988
1989
K-407 Novomoskovsk
Delfin/Delta IV SSBN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1990
1990
K-461 Volk
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1987
1991
1991
B-401 Novosibirsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-402 Vologda
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
1989
1990
B-459 Vladikavkaz
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
1988
--
1990
B-471 Magnitogorsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Polyarnyy
Krasnoye Sormovo
19988
--
1990
B-138 Polyarnyye zori (ex-Obninsk)
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Zaozersk
Admiralty
1988
1989
1990
B-177 Lipetsk
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
--
1991
B-437?
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Northern Fleet
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1990
1991
K-266 Orel
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Zaozersk
Sevmash
1989
1992
1992
K-328 Leopard
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1988
1992
1992
B-414 Daniil Moskovskiy
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1989
1990
1990
K-331 Magadan
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1989
1990
1991
K-154 Tigr
Bars/Akula SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1989
1993
1993
K-336 Pskov
Kondor /Sierra II SSN
Vidyayevo
Krasnoye Sormovo
1989
1992
1993
K-157 Vepr
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1990
1994
1995
B-448 Tambov
Schuka/Victor III SSN
Vidyayevo
Admiralty
1991
1991
1992
K-419 Kuzbass
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1991
1992
1992
K-150 (K-526*) Tomsk
Antey/Oscar II SSGN
Rybachiy
Sevmash
1991
1996
1997
K-335 Gepard
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1991
1999
2001
K-337 Kuguar
Bars/Akula II SSN
Gadzhiyevo
Sevmash
1992
2004
2005
B-345
Varshavyanka/Kilo SSK
Pacific Fleet
Amurskiy
1993
1993
1994
K-295 (K-267*) Samara
Bars/Akula SSN
Rybachiy
Amurskiy
1993
1994
1995
K-152 Nerpa
Bars/Akula SSN

Amurskiy
1993


S-100 Sankt Peterburg
Lada SSK

Admiralty
1997
2004
2005
Yuriy Dolgorukiy
Borey SSBN

Sevmash



Severodvinsk
Yasen/Granay SSGN

Sevmash
1993


*Designation according to Jane's.
Sources:S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005)."Russian Warships," Global Security, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship.htm.www.deepstorm.ru
Information on submarine propulsion reactors in this file was complied by Ole Reistad, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. For information on the HEU enrichment of Russian submarine fuel, and other information on submarine reactors, please see Ole Reistad, Morten Bremer Mærli and Nils Bøhmer, "Russian Naval Nuclear Fuel and Reactors," Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/index.htm, Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 2005.